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GCSE Biology > Biology Paper 2 > Flashcards

Biology Paper 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe how you test a leaf for starch

A

Place leaf in hot ethanol in water bath
Use iodine solution
If starch present = leaf goes blue/black

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2
Q

Structure of Palisade Mesophyll

A

Cells tightly packed/elongated
Cell contain chloroplasts
Palisade mesophyll contains lots of chloroplasts
Chlorophyll absorb sunlight for photosynthesis

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3
Q

Structure of Spongy Mesophyll

A

Contains air spaces and gaps
Spongy cells are irregularly arranged
Diffusion occurs in spongy mesophyll
Spongy mesophyll in lower surface of leaf

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4
Q

Where is stomata on surface of a leaf

A

In lower surface of leaf
No stomata in upper surface

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5
Q

How is protein made in a cell

A

Transcription occurs
mRNA leaves nucleus
Enters cytoplasm and ribosomes
tRNA bring attached amino acids
For complementary base pairing
Translation occurs

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6
Q

Where does ultrafiltration take place in nephron

A

Bowman’s capsule

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7
Q

Where does reabsorption of glucose take place in nephron

A

PCT

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8
Q

Which part of nephron responds to a change in ADH

A

Collecting Duct

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9
Q

Function of collecting duct

A

Water reabsorbed
via osmosis
So less water in urine

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10
Q

FSH function

A

Pituitary gland: Stimulates follicle growth
Lowest peak on a graph

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11
Q

LH function

A

Pituitary gland: Ovulation
Highest peak on graph

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12
Q

Oestrogen function

A

Ovary: Repairs uterus lining
Peak left of highest peak on graph

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13
Q

Progesterone function

A

Ovary: Maintains uterus lining
Highest peak at day 21 on a graph

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14
Q

4 ways alveoli adapted for maximum gas exchange

A

1 cell thick
High concentration gradient
Contain moisture and water
High surface area to volume ratio

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15
Q

Give a method to sterilise without killing cells

A

Alcohol

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16
Q

Why can’t animal tissue grow into new individuals via micropropagation

A

Cells are specialised
Only one cell type present
No stem cells present

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17
Q

Describe how the nephron absorbs glucose back into the blood from
the filtrate.

A

Selective reabsorption
In PCT
Via active transport

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18
Q

Tube transporting
urine to bladder

A

Ureter

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19
Q

Explain how the pituitary gland and the nephron cells will
respond in a patient who is dehydrated

A

Lower Water Potential in Blood
Pituitary gland release more ADH
Collecting duct more permeable
More water reabsorbed
Urine more concentrated

20
Q

Label A,B,C,D,X

A

A = Retina
B = Conjunctiva
C = Cornea
D = Lens
X = Iris

21
Q

Eye in Bright Room

A

Circular muscles contract
Radial muscles relax
Pupil constricts

22
Q

Describe how a farmer could use selective breeding to increase the height
of cattle.

A

Select cattle that taller and mate them
Select offspring taller and mate them
Repeat through generations

23
Q

Explain why micropropagation was used to produce copies of the transgenic
soya plant.

A

Plants genetically identical
All have same of (specific characteristic)
Fast Method

24
Q

Explain energy content practical

A

Ignite chip and hold under test tube
Keep igniting till chip burnt completely
Measure Change in Temp
Repeat three times
Same mass of banana chips
Same volume of water

25
Q

Insulation prevents…

A

heat loss

26
Q

Oxygen supplies ensure…

A

complete combustion occurs

27
Q

Explain the negative effects of an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide gas

A

Cause greenhouse effect
Ice cap melting
Ocean acidification

28
Q

Describe the role of microorganisms in the conversion of organic waste into
nitrate ions in the river

A

Decomposers
Convert organic waste to ammonia
Nitrification occurs
Convert nitrites into nitrates

29
Q

Which groups of microorganisms include pathogens

A

bacteria, fungi, protoctista and virus

30
Q

Explain how the rabies vaccine prevents dogs from developing rabies

A

Antigens in vaccine
Lymphocytes recognise antigens
Memory Cells made
So antibodies made faster when virus encountered

31
Q

Describe how the cells use the RNA to produce the viral proteins

A

Ribosomes bind to DNA
Translation occurs
Codon on RNA codes for amino acid
tRNA binds to RNA
tRNA brings amino acids
Amino acids join together to make protein

32
Q

Explain why producing genetically engineered plants with additional suberin in
their roots could reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide

A

Plants absorb CO2
For photosynthesis
CO2 stored as suberin
Less CO2 released from decomposition

33
Q

Transgenic means

A

Cell/Organism undergone genetic modification - genes transferred from unrelated organism

34
Q

Give three reasons why the scientists use micropropagation to reproduce the
transgenic crop plants

A

Prevent water loss
Due to osmosis
When water moves from high to low water potential

35
Q

Suggest why the student poured water through the soil samples for five
minutes before adding the ammonium salts

A

Wash away nitrate
Nitrate made from ammonium salt
So test is fair

36
Q

In nephron protein doesn’t pass out of what?

A

Glomerulus
Too large

37
Q

Beta thalassaemia is a genetic condition caused by a mutation in a gene
for haemoglobin.
People with beta thalassaemia produce less haemoglobin and fewer red blood cells
than people without the condition.
(a) Explain why people with beta thalassaemia may experience severe tiredness.

A

Less oxygen transported to muscles
Less respiration

38
Q

DNA strand

A

A-T
C-G

38
Q

DNA-RNA strand

A

A-U
C-G

39
Q

Protein synthesis of the modified gene will produce haemoglobin.
Describe the stages of this protein synthesis

A

Transcription occurs in nucleus
Production of mRNA
Translation occurs - mRNA bind to ribosome
tRNA brings amino acids
Codon binds to anticodon
Triplets on tRNA and mRNA bind

40
Q

Enucleated Meaning

A

Nucleus Removed

41
Q

Explain importance of cell differentiation in development of growing embryo

A

Unspecialised cells develop into specialised cells
Cells with specific functions
To produce tissues/organs

42
Q

Explain issues between adult stem cells and embryonic stem cells for treatment

A

Cells from embryo can make any cell type
Ethical issues from using embryonic stem cells

43
Q

Describe role of bacteria in nitrogen cycle

A

Nitrogen Fixation - nitrogen gas to ammonia
Nitrification - Nitrite to Nitrate
And Ammonia to Nitrite
Denitrification - Nitrate to Nitrogen Gas

44
Q

Describe how mammal is cloned

A

Use enucleated egg
Fuse adult cell with empty egg
Use of electricity for shock
Cell division mitosis occurs
Forms embryo
Place in uterus womb of surrogate mother

45
Q

Eye far object

A

Ciliary muscles relax
Suspensory ligaments
Refracts by smaller amount

GCSE Biology (11 decks)

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