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Common flash cards > Biology P2 > Flashcards

Biology P2 Flashcards

1
Q

Difference between population and community

A

Population is all of the same species in the habitat and community is the populations of all the different species in the habitat

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2
Q

Peat bogs

A
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3
Q

4 Ways land is used by humans

A

Farming
Quarrying
waste disposal
Building

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4
Q

What is accomodation

A

Eye lens changing shape to focus image in retina

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5
Q

Describe the path of stimuli to response in a reflex

A

Stimulus—receptor—sensory neuron—CNS—motor neuron—effector response

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6
Q

What is myopia and hyperopia

A

Hyperopia is long sightedness so they cant focus on near things (can only focus on long stuff)and the light focuses too past the eye
uses convex lens

Myopia is short sightedness so they cant focus on far objects(can only focus on close stuff) and the light focuses too early on the eye uses concave lens

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7
Q

Describe how the eye focuses on near and far objects

A

For far objects the light needs less magnification (the line form the top and bottom of the object are almost parallel assume object is smaller than eye)so the lens needs to be flatter, the suspensory ligaments tighten and the muscles relax

For near objects the light needs more bending(the line from the top and bottom need to be bent a lot assume object is bigger than eye) so lens needs to be rounder, the suspensory ligament are loose and the ciliary muscles tight

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8
Q

Describe decay RP

A

Set amount of milk with an indicator(methyl orange) in a test tube and set amount of lipase enzyme in another test tube place both in water bath until same temp as the water

Mix together with glass rod and start timer

When colour changes it means that the milk is acidic because of the lipase turning lipids into fatty acids showing decay stop timer

Repeat for different temps to get different times showing how rate of decay changes with temp

CV: Amount of each substance

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9
Q

What is a specific gene responsible for

A

Create a protien

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10
Q

Different ways to study brain

A

Study patients with brain damage to see what effect the damaged section has on the patient

Electrically stimulate brain using small electrodes and see what effect the stimulation has on

MRI scans place patients in MRI while they perform actions and you can see what part of the brain are active during

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11
Q

Label eye https://imgur.com/a/VjeeRbV

A

https://imgur.com/a/VjeeRbV

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12
Q

How does eye adjust for brightness

A

If to bright circular muscles contract and radial muscles relax making the pupil smaller reducing amount of light getting into the eye so it doesn’t get damaged

If to dim the circular muscles relax and radial muscles contract increasing pupil size letting more light through

Tip to remember
radial muscle goes in a straight line against the circular motion so if it contracts it make the iris thinner by pulling it like a curtain

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13
Q

Different treatments for vision defects

A

Laser eye surgery cornea shape changed using laser so cornea bends light more strongly or weakly

Contact lenses thin lenses on eye that bends the light to correct for fault in focusing

Lens replacement lens in eye is surgically removed and replaced by artificial one

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14
Q

Different things homeostasis is used for

A

Water level
Blood glucose level
Temperature

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15
Q

How does homeostasis work

A

Receptor cells detect stimuli (lack of glucose in blood) goes to a coordinate centre where an effector to have a response (a muscle contracting a gland releasing a hormone)

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16
Q

What is the endocrine system and example of glands

A

Instead of nervous system endocrine where glands and hormone are used to send messages.

Examples are Pituitary gland master gland controls body conditions and other glands

Thyroid gland produces thyroxin controls metabolism rate ,growth and temperature

Adrenal gland above kidney releases adrenaline for fight or flight response

Pancreases controls blood glucose level releases glucagon and insulin

Ovaries produces oestrogen controls menstrual cycle

Testes produces testosterone controls puberty and reproduction

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17
Q

How is blood glucose level controlled

A

Carbohydrate that is eaten gets turned into glucose increasing blood sugar level
Glucose is used in cells for respiration if too much, insulin is produced by pancreases which makes the liver turn glucose into glycogen which is stored in the liver and muscles

If glucose to low glucagon is released by pancreas which make the liver turn glycogen into glucose increasing blood sugar level

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18
Q

Different types of diabetes Diabetes

A

Type 1 Pancreas doesn’t produce enough or no insulin so blood glucose level becomes too high. Can be fixed with insulin injection when blood glucose level is too high. Can also be treated with regular exercise and limiting intake of simple carbohydrates

Type 2 cells don’t respond to insulin so blood glucose levels increases. Obesity can increase chances of developing type 2. Can be controlled with regular exercise and controlled carbohydrate diet.

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19
Q

How is temperature controlled

A

Too hot so sweat glands produce sweat that cools you down by evaporating, vasodilation blood vessels dilate so blood flows closer to the skin to transfer more heat to the environment

Too cold vasoconstriction blood vessels thinner to limit the amount of energy transferred to the environment, muscles shiver to release energy as heat , hair stands up to create insulated layer of air around skin

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20
Q

What is deamination

A

Excess amino acids from proteins cant be stored so the liver breaks down amino acids producing ammonia. That is deamination. Ammonia is toxic so the liver breaks that down into harmless urea

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21
Q

How do the kidneys work

A

Blood containing excesses water ions and urea passes through the kidney. Water, ions , urea, glucose are filtered out through a semi permeable membrane(called filtration) then all the glucose some water and some ions are absorbed back into the blood(selective reabsorption)

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22
Q

Why is it important to have the right amount of water and ions in blood

A

Need the right water level for blood other wise if too concentrated will draw water out by osmosis from cells and if too dilute water enters cells through osmosis causing the cells to not work as efficiently

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23
Q

How is ADH used

A

Used in controlling blood water level released by pituitary gland
The amount of ADH released affects how much water is selectively reabsorbed back into the blood so if water level is too high in blood less ADH is released so less water gets selectively reabsorbed until water level gets too low and and more ADH is released to selectively reabsorb more water into the blood

24
Q

How does dialysis work

A

Can use a dialysis machine where the patients blood gets pumped past partially permeable membranes that only allows glucose, water , urea ,ions to pass through. On the other side of the walls is dialysis fluid which contains the right amount of water ions glucose and no urea concentration as healthy blood meaning that excess water and ions and all of urea will diffuse from the blood until it is at the same level as dialysis fluid and therefore healthy blood. Have to do this a couple times a week for a few hours and can cause blood clots and infection

25
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of kidney transplant verses dialysis

A

Shortage of kidneys while dialysis machines are readily available
Dialysis requires regular visits and long hours of treatment while kidneys can lead a normal life
Dialysis machine expensive in the long run while kidney transplant only initially expensive
Kidney transplant you might need to take immune suppressants
Dialysis could lead to infections and blood clots

26
Q

Give stages of the cylce

A

1)lining breaks down Day 1-4
2)Lining builds back up Day 4-14
3)Egg is released and lining maintained Day 14-28
4)Back to one

27
Q

Describe what the different fertility hormones do

A

FSH
Pituitary gland
Cause egg to mature
Stimulates Oestrogen

Oestrogen
Ovaries
Builds up lining
Stimulates LH(starts egg release) , Prohibits FSH(stops egg form maturing cause already released)

LH
Pituitary gland
Releases egg

Progesterone
Ovaries
Maintains lining (without lining breaks)
Inhibits LH and FSH (stops egg from maturing and releasing)

28
Q

Different ways to control fertility

A

Can use hormones in form of pill , contraceptive patch, contraceptive injection, contraceptive implant and IUD they release progesterone and oestrogen. The progesterone produces thick mucus that traps the sperm and oestrogen that stops the egg from releasing the hormones are 99% effective. The IUD also kills sperm and stops egg from implanting in the walls of the uterus

Can also use barrier method that stop the sperm from meeting the egg
Can use condoms that also prevent STDs
Can use a diaphragm that goes over the cervix and spermicide that kills the sperm
Can also use just spermicide but it isn’t very effective

Can also use sterilisation that cuts the fallopian tube and vasectomy that cuts the sperm duct
Can use rhythm method to have sex when women is least fertile during the cycle but isn’t very effective
Can also do abstinence where no sex takes place

29
Q

What can be done to help infertility

A

Women with low levels of FSH can be given FSH and LH to help more eggs to mature and release increasing the chance of pregnancy
But it doesn’t always work and might need multiple attempts and can cause multiple pregnancy and twins

If they cant get pregnant using hormones they can use IVF
The women is given FSH and LH to release multiple eggs the eggs are collected and are fertilised using sperm in a lab. The egg is then grown into an embryo and a then some of the cells are transferred to the women’s uterus.
It can help infertile couples to have a child but it can be stressful because of the low success rate and expensive. It could also lead to multiple births if the cells split and each grow into a child.

30
Q

What is phototropism

A

In shoots auxin is produced and accumulate on the side that isn’t exposed to sunlight it promotes growth in shoots so the shaded side faster making the stem bend towards the light(phototropism)

31
Q

What is gravitropism

A

In roots auxin gathers on the under side of the roots because of gravity and it inhibits growth causing the roots to bend down wards in shoots it gathers on the underside and causes the underside to grow quicker making the shoot bend away from the ground

32
Q

Different plant hormones and what they do

A

Auxin controls plant growth
Gibberellin controls germination and stem growth
Ethene stimulates fruit ripening

33
Q

Uses of plant hormones

A

Uses
Auxin can be used as weed killer whilst having no affect on grass
Can be used as rooting powder to help cuttings grow roots. Can also be used to grow cells in tissue culture

Gerbilline can be used to control seed dormancy, to make plants induce flowers, to grow bigger fruits

Ethene can be used to ripen fruits when needed, fruits can be picked when unripe and transported then ripened using ethene at it’s destination

34
Q

Structure of DNA

A

Phosphate sugar backbone with a base attached. One nucleotide is 1 phosphate 1 sugar and 1 base. The bases are A T and C G

35
Q

What is mRNA

A

Since the DNA cant move outside the nucleus mRNA is used to copy the a section of the DNA and takes it to ribosomes for it to make it is the messenger between the two

36
Q

Uses of protiens

A

Once the amino acids have been assembled together it folds into a unique shape that is the protein, the unique shape can be used as

Enzymes
Structural Proteins(ligament, cartilage)
Hormones

37
Q

Different types of mutation

A

Insertion
Extra base is inserted and effect how all other genes down the line are read

Deletion
A base is deleted effects how all other genes are read down the line

Substitution
A base is swapped for another base

38
Q

Organisms that reproduce asexually and sexually

A

Malaria reproduces sexually in mosquito but asexually in host

Some plants reproduce sexually using pollen but also asexually with runners in strawberry’s and bulbs that form from the main bulb and divide off

Fungi produce spores to reproduce the spores can be sexual and asexual

39
Q

What is an alleles

A

different form of gene for a characteristic

40
Q

What is phenotype

A

organisms outward appearance

41
Q

what is genotype

A

the combination of alleles in an organism

42
Q

What is a carrier

A

Some one that has one dominant allele and one recessive allele so don’t have the phenotype of the recessive but still carry the gene

43
Q

What is cystic fibrosis

A

Genetic disorder of cell membrane causes them to produce excess mucus in air passages. Caused by recessive allele

44
Q

What is embryonic screening and what are the pros and cons

A

During IVF or a pregnancy a cell can be removed for its DNA to be tested for different genetic disorders if any disorders are found the IVF embryo is destroyed and the pregnancy terminated
Con
Could go too far and people start choosing desirable embryos based of characteristics

People with genetic disorder should still have the right to live

Screening is expensive

Pro
Get rid of suffering for people

Cost less money overall for government and tax payers

45
Q

Who is Mendel and what did he discover

A

Monk that bread pea plants with different characteristics together and then bread the off springs together concluded that hereditary units are passed down from the parents one from each parent.
The hereditary unit can be recessive or dominant where only the dominant will show

46
Q

Different type of variation

A

Genetic variation
the combining of parents gametes causes genetic variation so no two of the species are the same

Environmental variation
Conditions the organism lives in e.g. plenty of sunlight, lack of food

These together affect the organisms characteristics

47
Q

How does mutations lead to variation

A

Mutations change DNA sequence which could rarely have an effect on the protein made and the change protein can rarely have an effect on the organisms phenotype
If the environment changes and the different phenotype makes the organism more suited then the phenotype gets passed down to off spring through natural selection

48
Q

Describe survival of the fittest

A

Organisms had wide range of characteristics and had to compete for resources the ones that where more suited survived and so were more likely to reproduce and pass on the gene to offspring
Overtime the species changes because of this and evolves

49
Q

What could cause extinction of a species

A

Environment changes too quickly
Catastrophic event
Gets out competed by competition for resources
New predator is introduces
New dieses kills them

50
Q

Drawbacks of selective breeding

A

Reduces gene pool as number of different allele in species becomes less because of inbreeding between the best animals
Causes genetic disorders to be inherited between them
And if a new dieses appears the lack of variation could cause there to be no resistant allele

51
Q

Who is Lamarck

A

alternate theory of evolution

52
Q

How is genetic engineering carried out

A

Gene that is wanted is isolated from the rest of the genome using enzymes
The gene is then placed in side a bacteria plasmid or a virus
these are used as vectors to transport the specific gene into the organisms cell
Done in the early stage of the organism so all the replicated cells contain the modified genome

53
Q

Uses of genetic engineering

A

Improve crop yield and resistance to dieses, insects, herbicide

Bacteria been genetically modified to produce human insulin

Gene modifications for genetic disorders in humans called gene therapy

54
Q

Pros and cons of genetic engineering

A

Con
Don’t know the full effect of eating the GM crop on human health
The transplanted gene could get out into environment and other plants

55
Q
A

Common flash cards (9 decks)

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