Biology P1 Flashcards
Describe binary fission steps
Prokaryotic cells
Duplicates all the genetic material and grows.
Genetic material goes to two sides and the cytoplasm splits
Difference of meiosis and mitosis
Meiosis is creating gametes
Mitosis is normal cell division
What is a specific gene responsible for
Create a protein
Symbol for micro meter and nano meter and which one is smaller
µm is micro meter
nm is nano meter
nano meter is 1000 times smaller than micro meter
1µm = 1000nm
Checkvalues stored in M(micro) and E(nano) values in calculater
Common enzymes what they do and where they are produced
Amylase
Starch into sugars
Made in salivary glands, pancreas, small intestine
Protease
Proteins into amino acids
Made in stomach(called pepsin) , pancreas, small intestine
Works best at PH2 in the stomach thats why we adapted stomach acid
Lipase
Lipids into fatty acids and glycerol
Made in Pancreas, small intestine
(tip all of them created in pancrease and small intestine, amylase and protease are also produced somewhere else)
Where is bile made and stored
Made in liver and stored in gall bladder
What to use and how to carry out food tests for different molecules
Benedict test for sugar
Mix food sample with 5 drops of benedict solution
Place in water bath of 75°C
Changes from normal blue to green, yellow, brick red
Iodine solution for starch
Add few drops of iodine to food sample and mix
Turns form browny-orange to blue-black
Biuret test for protein
Equal parts biuret and food sample mix
Turns form blue to purple
Sudan III for lipids
3 drops of Sudan 3 to food sample and mix
Stains lipids red and separates them into layers
What does xylem and phloem carry and what direction with correct term
Xylem (dead cells) carry water and minerals up called Transpiration (same word is used for water lose in plants)
Phloem carry food substances mainly sugars up and down called Translocation
Formular for glucose and respiration/photosynthesis
C₆H₁₂O₆
respiration glucose+ oxygen= co2+water
Photosynthesis CO2+water = glucose+ oxygen
Different types of anaerobic respiration
Glucose→ lactic acid using in animals when not enough oxygen
Glucose→ ethanol+ CO2 used in yeast and plants
What is the difference between chloroplast and chlorophyl
Chloroplast is the subcellular structure
Chlorophyl is the chemical in chloroplast(think chlorophyl is the chemical that knocks you out)
Factors affecting photosynthesis
Light intensity
Amount of chloroplast
CO2 concentration
Temperature
water
Describe the steps to develop drugs with reasons
1) Test drug on human tissue sample or cell
to test if it will have an effect on the cells
2)Test on a living animal
to test the effects on the whole body system and see if it is toxic and to find its dosage
3)Test on health human volunteers
To test if they have any negative side affects and to get the dosage right
4) Test on ill patients, use placebos and a double blind test to get accurate results without any biases
6)Peer review to double check everything has been done right
What is the difference between lymphocytes and phagocytes
Lymphocytes release antibodies
Phagocytes engulf and kill (think phagocytosis to remember)
What is it called when a white blood cell engulfs
Phagocytosis
Describe use of monoclonal antibodies
Mobile antibodies made to attach to a certain hormone with a dye attached to them
If hormone is present it attaches to the antibody and drags it up the paper when soaking up the paper
The hormone and mobile antibody will attach to a hormone that is stuck down to the paper if the hormone is present concentrating the blue dye and creating a blue line
Same thing happens with a control line to test if the test is valid by testing for a hormone that should be there no matter what
Describe rate of enzyme RP
Add a drop of iodine in every well of a spotting tile
Place two test tubes in a water bath of 35C one containing starch the other one containing amylase and a buffer solution at Ph5
Mix the two test tubes and star a timer
Every 10 seconds add a drop of the solution into the well if the colour changes to black means starch is still present if it doesn’t change colour means the amylase has broken down the starch
Repeat at different Ph
Describe the structure of a leaf
Waxy cuticle on the top of the cell to reduce water loss by evaporation
Epidermis cells on top and bottom the top one being transparent to let light through
Palisade mesophyll 2nd layer this is where most of photosynthesis occurs
Xylem and phloem to carry stuff
Spongy mesophyll has air spaces to let CO2 in to allow for photosynthesis
Guard cells that open and close to let CO2 in and water out
Factors affecting rates of transpiration
Light intensity
More light means stomata are open to let CO2 in for photosynthesis so more water will be lost
Humidity
More humid less water diffuses into the air because the concentration of water is nearly the same so less water gets diffused
Air flow
More air flow means the air around the leaf gets replaced quicker so the high concentration of water in the air the leaf gets replaced increasing the difference between the concentrations
Temperature
Higher temp the quicker it evaporates
Definition of transpiration
The uptake of water from the roots to the leaves then out into the air ,caused by the evaporating and diffusion of water creating a shortage of water at the leaves causing water to be drawn up through the xylem
Side effect of stomata’s being used to allow CO2 into the leaves
Structure of lungs
Trachea bronchi/bronchus bronchioles alveoli
What effects the size of the stomata
If there is no light then the guard cells flaccid closing the stomata
If there is a lot of water they swell and open up allowing water to evaporate and gases to diffuse to allow for photosynthesis
If there is a lack of water they flaccid and close so not too much water is lost
Different uses of glucose in plants
Stored as oils in seeds
Stored as insoluble starch in cells so it doesn’t cause osmosis and draw in water to swell up cells as glucose is soluble
Converted into cellulose to strengthen cell walls
Glucose and nitrate ions used to make amino acids for protein
Glucose used in respiration to
Different plant defences
Physical
waxy cuticle stops pathogen from entering
Cell wall barrier for pathogen
Dead cells around tree bark
thorns
Mechanical
Leaves that curl up when touched
Chemical
antibacterial chemicals produced
poison to not get eaten
Different plant dieses
Viral
Bacteria
fungal
Insects (aphids)
Signs for plant dieseses
Stunted growth
Malformed leaves and stems
Discolouration
Patches of decay
Spots on leaves
Insects on plant
How can you identify plant dieses
Looking at a garden manual or website
Testing plant in laboratory
Use testing kit that identifies pathogens using monoclonal antibodies
What ions do plants need and what happens when there is a lack of them
Need nitrate ions to create amino acids then proteins for growth if lack means stunted growth
Need magnesium ions for chlorophyll if lack means discoloration of leaves called Chlorosis
Advantage and disadvantages of artificial heart
ADV
readily available
doesn’t get attacked by the body son no need for imuno suppressants
Disadv
Not as efficient as biological heart so usually used as temporary fix
Blood doesn’t move as smoothly so can cause clots so blood thinning drugs are taken
Risk factors for cancer
Smoking
UV radiation
genetics
Viral infection
Obesity
Human defences in immune system
White blood cells that produce antibodies to mark and then engulf
Antitoxins that counter the toxins produced by bacteria
