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GCSE Science AQA > Biology - Organisation > Flashcards

Biology - Organisation Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a group of organs working together called?

A

An organ system

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2
Q

True or false? A tissue is only made up of one type of cell?

A

False. A tissue can be made of more than one type of cell working together.

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3
Q

What is an organ?

A

A group of different tissues that work together to perform a certain function

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4
Q

Put the following components in order of size from smallest to largest:
Lungs, epithelial cell, respiratory system, epithelial tissue

A

Epithelial cell, epithelial tissue, lungs, respiratory system

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5
Q

What is the role of the digestive system?

A

The digestive system breaks down and absorbs food

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6
Q

What is the names of the glands that secrete enzymes to a) the mouth and b) the duodenum (just before the intestines)?

A

a) salivary gland, b) pancreas

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7
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A biological catalyst

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8
Q

What is a substrate?

A

A chemical an enzyme acts on

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9
Q

What is an active site of an enzyme?

A

The part of the enzyme that the substrate fits into

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10
Q

What is the ‘lock and key’ model of enzyme action?

A

The ‘lock and key’ model states that a reaction will only be catalysed if the shape of the substrate fits exactly into the active site

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11
Q

What does denatured mean?

A

Denatured means the enzyme’s active site has changed shape so it no longer fits the substrate

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12
Q

Give two variables that affect the rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction.

A

Temperature, pH

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13
Q

Explain why the rate of an enzyme catalysed reaction decreases if the temperature is too low or too high?

A

If too low, particle collisions are infrequent and there is not enough energy to react. If too high the enzyme gets denatured.

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14
Q

If 45cm3 of product is formed in 100 seconds, what is the rate of reaction in cm3/s?

A

Rate of reaction = amount of product formed / time = 45/100 = 0.45 cm3/s

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15
Q

Which type of molecule is broken down into amino acids?

A

Proteins

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16
Q

What are the products of lipid (fat) digestion?

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

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17
Q

In which organs are proteases produced?

A

The stomach, pancreas and small intestines

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18
Q

Which organ produces bile and where is bile stored?

A

Produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder.

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19
Q

Which enzyme breaks down starch, and where is this enzyme produced in the body?

A

Amylase. It is produced in the salivary glands, pancreas and small intestine.

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20
Q

What does the body use the products of digestion for?

A

To build new chemicals like carbohydrates, proteins and lipids, or use some of the glucose for respiration.

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21
Q

Give two functions of bile

A

To neutralise stomach acid and to emulsify fats

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22
Q

What does emulsify mean?

A

To break down fat into tiny droplets to increase surface area

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23
Q

What is the chemical test for starch? (Include colour change)

A

Iodine test: brown to blue/black

24
Q

What is the chemical test for simple sugars? (Include colour change)

A

Benedict’s test: blue to red (heating required)

25
Q

What is the chemical test for proteins? (Include colour change)

A

Biuret test: blue to purple (careful corrosive)

26
Q

What is the chemical test for lipids? (Include colour change)

A

Ethanol test: cloudy white layer (careful flammable)

27
Q

Where in the lungs does gas exchange take place?

A

Alveoli

28
Q

What is the difference between the trachea and the oesophagus?

A

Inhaled air passes down the trachea to the lungs, food passes down the oesophagus to the stomach.

29
Q

What are the bronchi?

A

The first branches off the trachea that pass into each lung.

30
Q

What are the bronchioles?

A

The branches off the bronchi in the lungs that lead to the alveoli.

31
Q

What are the alveoli?

A

The air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange takes place.

32
Q

Why do lungs have alveoli?

A

By having a large number of alveoli, the lungs increase the surface area for gas exchange.

33
Q

How are alveoli adapted to their function?

A

Large surface area, thin moist walls, good blood supply. These all increase the rate of diffusion of gases.

34
Q

Breathing rate = number of breaths / time in minutes, so if I take 200 breaths in 5 minutes, what is my breathing rate?

A

200/5 = 40 breaths per minute

35
Q

How is gas exchanged between the blood and the alveoli?

A

Diffusion across the walls of the capillaries and alveoli

36
Q

What gases enter the blood and which gases leave the blood at the lungs?

A

Oxygen diffuses in, Carbon Dioxide diffuses out the blood

37
Q

Which side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs?

A

Right (remember, when we look at a diagram the ‘Right side’ is actually on the left)

38
Q

Name the blood vessel which carries blood into the right atrium of the heart.

A

Vena Cava

39
Q

Why does the heart have valves?

A

To stop blood flowing backwards

40
Q

Describe the route blood takes through the heart

A

Body -> Vena Carva -> Right Atrium -> Right Ventrical -> Pulmonary Artery -> Lungs -> Left Atrium -> Left Ventrical -> Aorta -> Body

41
Q

What vessels supply blood to the heart muscle?

A

Coronary arteries

42
Q

What part of the heart maintains a regular heartbeat

A

The pacemaker

43
Q

What type of vessel carries blood away from the heart?

A

Artery

44
Q

What type of vessel carries blood back to the heart?

A

Vein

45
Q

What type of vessel carries blood between cells in tissues?

A

Capillaries

46
Q

What is the function of white blood cells?

A

To defend the body against infection

47
Q

What is blood plasma?

A

The liquid that carries everything in blood.

48
Q

Why are capillary walls one cell thick?

A

To give a short diffusion distance for chemicals like Oxygen

49
Q

Rate of blood flow (ml/min) = volume of blood (ml) / time (min). So if 1500 ml of blood flows through an artery in 5 minutes what is the rate of blood flow?

A

1500 / 5 = 300 ml/min

50
Q

Why is an artery wall thicker than a vein wall?

A

Because the artery wall has to withstand high pressure.

51
Q

How are red blood cells adapted to their function?

A
  1. Biconcave (doughnut) shape to increase surface area to absorb Oxygen.
  2. Haemoglobin to bind to Oxygen.
  3. No nucleus to give more room to carry Oxygen.
52
Q

What is a stent? (Treating cardiovascular disease)

A

A stent is a tube that is inserted inside an artery to keep it open.

53
Q

What is one disadvantage of using stents? (Treating cardiovascular disease)

A

Risk of operation complications, infection or blood clotting.

54
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A

When the coronary arteries get blocked by layers of fat, restricting blood flow to the heart muscles.

55
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of an artificial heart over a real donor heart?

A

Advantages: less likely to get rejected by body.

Disadvantages: blood doesn’t flow through smoothly. Need to take blood thinning drugs. Risk the electrical motor could fail.

56
Q

That is good or very very good?

A

Very very very good!

GCSE Science AQA (7 decks)

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