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GCSE Science AQA > Biology - Cell Biology > Flashcards

Biology - Cell Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

What does a eukaryotic cell have that a prokaryotic cell doesn’t?

A

A nucleus

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2
Q

Is a plant cell a prokaryotic cell or eukaryotic cell?

A

Eukaryotic cell

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3
Q

Is a bacterium a prokaryotic cell or eukaryotic cell?

A

Prokaryotic cell

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4
Q

Where does aerobic respiration take place in a cell?

A

Mitochondria

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5
Q

What part of a cell controls what chemicals enter and leave the cell?

A

Cell membrane

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6
Q

What part of the cell contains the DNA?

A

Nucleus

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7
Q

In what part of the cell do the majority of chemical reactions take place?

A

Cytoplasm

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8
Q

Name any structures found in plant cells but not animal cells.

A

Chloroplasts, large central vacuole, cell wall, starch granules

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9
Q

What does a ribosome do?

A

Makes proteins

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10
Q

What is resolution?

A

How close two points can be but not blur into each other

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11
Q

What is magnification?

A

How many times bigger the image is than the original object

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12
Q

True or false? Electron microscopes have greater magnification and resolution than light microscopes.

A

True

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13
Q

True or false? Electron microscopes can produce colour images.

A

False

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14
Q

Which microscope is better for use on live cells, light or electron?

A

Light (cells must be dead in electron microscopes)

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15
Q

Why is iodine added to plant cells, and methylene blue added to animal cells, before looking at them under a light microscope?

A

They stain the structures in the cells so they are easier to see

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16
Q

How many μm in a mm?

A

1000

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17
Q

If a cell has a width of 100μm and is magnified x 200, what is the width of the image in mm?

A

Image size = Magnification x Real size = 200 x 100μm = 20 000 μm.

20 000 μm / 1000 = 20 mm.

Remember: 1000 μm = 1 mm.

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18
Q

Which cells in plants are specialised for absorbing water and minerals from the soil?

A

Root hair cells

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19
Q

What is the function of a sperm cell?

A

To carry the father’s DNA to the mother’s DNA in the egg to fertilise it

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20
Q

What does an xylem cell do?

A

Transports water and minerals from the roots to the leaves

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21
Q

How is an xylem cell specialised for its function?

A

It is hollow

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22
Q

What does a nerve cell (neurone) do?

A

A nerve cell carries signals from one part of the body to another

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23
Q

How is a nerve cell adapted to its function?

A

It is long and has branches at its ends to connect to other nerve cells

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24
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes are found in a normal human cell?

A

23 pairs (46 in total)

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25
Q 
Which of the following do chromosomes contain?
A) Mitochondria
B) Cytoplasm
C) Genes
D) Amino Acids
A

C) Genes

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26
Q

If a cell divides by mitosis, will the two daughter cells be identical to the original cell?

A

Yes

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27
Q

If a cell divides by meiosis, will the four daughter cells be identical to the original cell?

A

No

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28
Q

Is mitosis used to produce gametes (sex cells)?

A

No

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29
Q

State three factors that may affect the size of a bacterial colony

A

e.g. Temperature, nutrients available, competition from other microorganisms

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30
Q

If a bacterial cell has a mean division time of 40 minutes, how many cells will it have produced after 200 minutes?

A

200 divide 40 is 5. So it will divide 5 times. 2^5 = 32, so 32 cells will be produced.

31
Q

If a bacterial cell has a mean division time of 20 minutes, how many cells will it have produced after 2 hours?

A

2 hours = 120 minutes. 120 divide 20 is 6. So it will divide 6 times.

2^6 = 64, so 64 cells will be produced.

32
Q

What is an agar plate?

A

A petri dish and a jelly (source of nutrients)

33
Q

What is the zone of inhibition when you add antibiotic discs to an agar plate?

A

The region around each disc where the bacteria are killed off

34
Q

Why are agar plate cultures incubated at a maximum temperature of 25°C in schools?

A

Harmful bacteria are more likely to grow above this temperature

35
Q

Why is it important to sterilise an agar plate before conducting a culturing experiment?

A

So no unwanted microorganisms grow and compete with your culture.

36
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

A cell which can become one of many different types of cell

37
Q

Where can stem cells be found in an adult human?

A

Bone marrow

38
Q

Where can stem cells be found in a plant?

A

Meristem

39
Q

What is a risk of stem cell therapy?

A

Contamination could pass a virus on to the patient

40
Q

Mr Correct is worried about a plant disease that could spread to the crops on his farm. How could he use stem cells to help?

A

Use stem cells to grow crops of identical plants with disease resistance

41
Q

During a heart attack there is damage or death of heart muscle. How can embryonic stem cells help treat a patient after?

A

Embryonic stem cells could develop into heart muscle cells and replace the damaged cells

42
Q

What are the ethical pros and cons to embryonic stem cell therapy?

A

Pros: helping patients. Cons: embryos are human life, so it is wrong to take stem cells from them.

43
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The spreading of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration

44
Q

True or false? The bigger the concentration gradient, the faster the rate of diffusion.

A

True

45
Q

True or false? The higher the temperature, the faster the rate of diffusion.

A

True

46
Q

True or false? The larger the particle, the faster the rate of diffusion.

A

False

47
Q

True or false? The larger the surface area, the faster the rate of diffusion.

A

True

48
Q

When will diffusion stop?

A

When the particles are evenly spread everywhere

49
Q

Does diffusion require energy input?

A

No – it is a passive process

50
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Diffusion of water from high water concentration to low water concentration across a partially permeable membrane

51
Q

True or false? Oxygen entering the blood from the lungs is an example of osmosis.

A

False – this is diffusion

52
Q

If you put a potato in pure water what will happen to its mass and why?

A

The water concentration is higher outside, so water will diffuse in by osmosis and the mass will increase

53
Q

If you put a potato in a concentrated salt solution what will happen to its mass and why?

A

The water concentration will be lower outside, so water will diffuse out by osmosis and the mass will decrease

54
Q

What is the formula for percentage change in mass?

A

(Final Mass – Original Mass)/Original Mass x 100%

55
Q

What is active transport?

A

The movement of particles from an area of low concentration to high concentration, requiring energy from respiration

56
Q

Why do root hair cells need to use active transport to take in minerals?

A

The root absorbs so many minerals, the concentration is higher in the root than the soil, so it must use active transport to continue absorbing

57
Q

If a cell has to carry out a lot of active transport, which organelle is it likely to contain a lot of?

A

Mitochondria to supply the energy for active transport

58
Q

If an organism gets larger, does its surface area to volume ratio increase or decrease?

A

Decrease

59
Q

Why do single-celled organisms not require lungs to exchange gases with their environment?

A

Their surface area to volume ratio is very large so enough gas can diffuse across their cell membrane

60
Q

a) What is the surface area of a 3cm x 3cm x 3cm cube?
b) What is its volume?
c) Hence, what is the surface area to volume ratio of the 3cm x 3cm x 3cm cube?

A

a) Six sides. Each has area 3 x 3 = 9cm2. So total surface area is 54cm2.
b) 3 x 3 x 3 = 27cm3
c) 54 : 27 (simplifies to 2 : 1)

61
Q

Which two gases are exchanged in a leaf?

A

Oxygen and carbon dioxide

62
Q

What is the function of alveoli?

A

Diffusion of oxygen into the blood and carbon dioxide out

63
Q

How are the alveoli adapted for their function?

A

Thin moist walls, large surface area, good blood supply

64
Q

Coeliac disease can cause the villi in the small intestines to flatten. How might this affect the absorption of digested food into the blood?

A

This would reduce surface area so less digested food gets absorbed.

65
Q

What adaptations does a leaf have to help gas exchange?

A

Stomata (pores), large flat surface, air spaces inside the leaf

66
Q

What does the cell say?

A

The cell says OK.

67
Q

How many cells are produced in mitosis?

A

Two

68
Q

How many cells are produced in meiosis?

A

Four

69
Q

What is the name of a cell produced by meiosis?

A

A gamete

70
Q

What is the male gamete called?

A

Sperm cell

71
Q

What is the female gamete called?

A

Egg cell

72
Q

How many chromosomes does a human gamete have?

A

23

73
Q

Does every gamete contain the same DNA?

A

No they each contain random mixes of the father’s and mother’s chromosomes present in the parent cell.

74
Q

What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

A

Mitosis is normal cell division. It produces two identical daughter cells.

Meiosis is cell division to produce four gametes (sex cells), in a two stage process (i.e. cell division occurs twice). Each gamete has half the normal number of cell chromosomes. Each gamete contains different DNA.

GCSE Science AQA (7 decks)

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