Biology Midterm Review Flashcards
What are the elements in Carbs?
CHO
What is the ratio of CHO in carbs?
1:2:1
What are carbs used for?
Quick energy and Structure
Examples of carbs
Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose
Name the four main polysaccharides for carbs
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
Chitin
What are the elements of Lipids?
CHO(P)
What is the ratio of CHO in lipids?
1:2:few
What are lipids main functions?
Store energy, structure, hormones, and Insulation
What type of macromolecule does a Fatty Acid Fall under?
Lipids
What are fatty acids used for?
energy or structue
Are Saturated fats solid or liquid at room temp.
SOLID
What kind of fat increases risk of heart disease?
Saturated
What does a saturated fat look like? (straight or sad)
Straight
What kind of fat is liquid at room temp?
Unsaturated Fats
What do triglycerides do?
Provide long term energy storage
What makes up the cell membrane?
Phospholipid
Are phospholipids polar or nonpolar?
Polar
Are phospholipid heads or tails polar?
Head
What does polar mean
WATERLOVING
What does nonpolar mean?
WATER FEARING
Is testosterone male or female?
Male
What kind of macromolecule is a hormone
lipid
What are the elements in a preotein?
CHON (S)
What are the main functions of proteins?
Transport, structural support, cell to cell communication and they control chemical reactions
An Amino Acid is a simple form of aq ________
protein
H H O
l l ll
H – N – C – C – OH
l
R
WHAT IS THIS?
An amino acid (protein)
What is dehydration synthesis
the removal of water from monomers to create polymers
What are the elements of nucleic acids?
CHONP
What is the monomer of a nucleic acid?
Nucleotide
What is the main function of a nucleic acid?
To store and transmit genetic info
What are the end goals of mitosis?
-to make more cells to help us grow
-to repair tissue
In prophase DNA is in the form of ______________
Chromatin which is then turned into chromosomes
What phase of PMAT is this?
-microtubules of spindle apparatus attach to centromeres and chomosomes align in the middle of the cells
metaphase
What phase of PMAT is this?
-Microtubules shorten, moving sister chromatids to the opposite poles
Anaphase
What phase of PMAT is this?
-Chromosomes reach the poles and decondense to chromatin
-Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reform
Telophase
What phase of PMAT is this?
-Spindle forms
-nucleolus disappears
-nuclear membrane disentegrates
Prohphase
When is the DNA replicated?
During S phase
What is the result of mitosis of one diploid cell?
Two identical diploid cells
Durian has a diploid chromosome number of 56. When cells of the durian fruit undergo mitosis, how many chromosomes are found in each daughter cell?
56
What do ionic bonds do?
Transfer or donate electrons
What do covalent bonds do?
Share electrons
Polar Covalent Bonds
unequal sharing of electrons (pull)
Nonpolar covalent bonds
equal electron sharing (no pull)
What macromolecule is cholosterol?
A lipid
What does Helicase do?
opens the DNA double helix by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the bases
What does DNA polymerase do?
Adds nucleotides to the replicating 5’3’strand
What does ligase do>?
connects the ends of DNA
What do organic bonds contain?
CARBONWh
at do inorganic bonds NOT contain?
Carbon
What did Fredrick griffith do?
mice experiment
What did Hershey and Chase discover?
Bacteriophage stuff
What did Rosalind Franklin do?
X ray diffraction to discover that Dna is a double helix
Who stole the double Helix idea from Rosalind?
Watson and Crick
What is a hypertonic solution?
The concentration of solute molecules OUTSIDE the cells is greater than INSIDE the cell
WHat is a Hypotonic solution?
concentration of solute molecules in the enviroment OUTSIDE the cell is LOWER than enviroment inside the cell
