biology midterm Flashcards
what is the initial observation the what just happened moment
observe and question
an educated guess
hypothesis
was the hypothesis correct or incorrect
conclusion
carefully planned written step by step experiment
procedure/methods
information collected during experiment
data
gathering information prior to experimentation
research
written description of what was noticed during the experiment
observations during experiment
in an experiment the experimenter manipulates/changes the
independent variable
smallest unit that can perform all of life’s processes
cell
surface tension is a result of
hydrogen bonds
carbon likes to bond 4 times by sharing electrons is called
covalent bond
structures that carry out specialized jobs
organs
process by which organism becomes a mature adult
development
why did early biologists primarily study biology
learn about god
the experimenter measures
dependent variable
speeds up a chemical reaction by reducing amount of energy needed to begin the reaction
catalyst
provides a normal standard against which the biologist can compare results
control group
fire is what kind of a chemical reaction
exothermic
groups of cells with similar abilities
tissue
a paperclip can rest on the surface of the water due to … between water molecules
cohesion
energy needed to begin a reaction
activation energy
commonly referred to as cell organs
organelles
made of a single atom that cannot be broken down any smaller
element
electrons move about the nucleus of an atom in
orbitals
deuterium is a .. of water
isotope
cell division and enlargement results in
growth
i rest a specimen on this part of the microscope
stage
ice floats because it is … dense than liquid water due to …
less, hydrogen bonds
if a solution has more hydronium ions it will be somewhere between
0-7 ph
chemical reaction that absorbs heat
endothermic
what is the difference between experimental and control groups
experimental is compared to control
what are three themes of biology
interdependence
evolution
unity
what are the characteristics of life
reproduction homeostasis growth/development change over time organization reproduction metabolism metamorphosis
often called the powerhouse of the cell
mitochondira
cell’s main energy storage molecule
ATP
key component of protein synthesis, found on ER or floating
ribosomes
where are ribosomes found
rough ER or cytoplasm
where is DNA located
nucleus
garbage man of cell
lysosome
contains chlorophyll
chlorplast
brain of cell
nucleus
provide structure for cell
cytoskeleton
cell shape is related to its
function
phospholipid heads are
hyrophilic
cell size is limited by its
surface area: volume ratio
outer part of a plant cell composed of cellulose
cell wall
model describing semi solid nature of cell membrane
fluid mosaic
phospholipid tails are
hydrophobic
region of cell within plasma membrane
cytoplasm
outer porous surface of the cell acting as a barrier between interior and exterior
cell membrane
contrast eukaryote and prokaryote
prokaryote have no nucleus or membrane bound organelles
3 components of modern cell theory
cells have organized parts
cells are basic units of structure and function
cells come from pre-existing cells
3 differences between animal and plant cells
plants have cell wall
plants have central vacuole
plants have chloroplasts with photosynthesis
movement of water across a membrane
osmosis
sodium chlorine channel is a method of diffusion via
ion channel
movement of molecules across cell membrane using energy
active transport
what drives a molecules speed of diffusion
kinetic enrgy
if the fluid outside the cell has a lower free water molecule concentration than inside the cell, then the outside fluid is … and water diffuses … the cell
hyper-tonic, out
what determines the direction of diffusion
relative concentration
if the fluid outside the cell has a higher free water molecule concentration than inside the cell, then the outside fluid is … and water diffuses … the cell
hypotonic, in
how do paramecia regulate their water concentration inside their
contractile vacuoles
in passive transport, molecules move … their concentration gradient from … concentration to …
down, high, low
what is uniport
1 molecule type, both direction
what is symport
2 molecule types, same direction
what is antiport
2 molecule type, different directions
contrast pinocytosis and phagocytosis
pino: fluids in vesicles
phag: solids and large particles in vesicles
what are photosynthetic algae
autotroph
undersea organisms near hydro thermal vents are
chemosynthesis
in calvin cycle, co2 is incorporated and made into organic compounds via
carbon fixation
space inside thylakoid
thylakoid space
base of most terrestial and aquatic food webs
photosynthesis
predators and parasites are
heterotrophic
where do light reactions occur
thylakoid membrane
series of pigments embedded in proteins
photsystem
as temperature increases, photosynthesis
increases to a point then decreases
as co2 increases photosynthesis
increases then steady
where does calvin cycle occur
stroma
series of biological pathways
biological series
as light increases photosynthesis
increases then holds steady
round green disks found in chlorplast
thylakoid
2 main cycles of photosynthesis
light reactions
calvin cycle
what does light reactions use and make
use light and co2 and makes atp, nadph, oxygen
calvin cycle use and make
use atp and nadph and makes glucose
what are 4 light reactions
water splitting
photosystem 2
photosystem 1
atp synthesis
pyruvic acid –> lactic acid, nad
lactic acid fermentation
glucose + oxygen –> pyruvic acid, atp, nadh
glycolysis
pyruvic acid + CoA –> Acetyl CoA –> co2 atp nadh fadh2
krebs cycle
nadh + fadh2 –> atp, h2o
electron transport chain
pyruvic acid –> ethyl alcohol and co2
alcohol fermentation
who performs cell respiration
heterotrophs and autotrophs
where does the krebs cycle occur
mitochondrial matrix
what are two process of cell respiration
glycolysis and aerobic respiration
anaerobic respiration cannot make
ATP
where is lactic acid produced
lactic acid fermentation
what are two processes of aerobic respiration
krebs cycle and electron transport chain
what process breaks down organic compounds and make ATP
cell respiration
what occurs when oxygen isn’t present
fermentation
what does cell respiration require
oxygen
where is ethyl alcohol produced
alcohol fermentation
what is the primary function of nadh and fadh2
hold protons and electrons
where does the electron transport chain occur
mitochondria inner membrane
how are photosynthesis and cell respiration linked
photo uses h2o and co2 and produces atp and glucose. cell respiration produces atp, h2o, and co2 and uses atp and glucose
process of lactic acid
6 carbon –> glycol –> pyruvic –> 3 carbon (lactic) ……..nad+ nadh + h+
process of ethyl alcohol
6 carbon –> glycol –> pyruvic –> co2
–> 2C (co2) –> 2c ethyl
nad+ nadh + h+
aerobic cell respiration summary part one
krebs cycle
in mitochondrial matrix
produces NADH
two turns of krebs
4 co2
2 atp
hydrogen –> 6 nadh, 2 fadh2
aerobic cell respiration summary part two
electron transport chain
located in inner membrane
nadh –> atp
final product is co2 and water and atp
