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biology midterm Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the initial observation the what just happened moment

A

observe and question

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2
Q

an educated guess

A

hypothesis

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3
Q

was the hypothesis correct or incorrect

A

conclusion

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4
Q

carefully planned written step by step experiment

A

procedure/methods

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5
Q

information collected during experiment

A

data

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6
Q

gathering information prior to experimentation

A

research

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7
Q

written description of what was noticed during the experiment

A

observations during experiment

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8
Q

in an experiment the experimenter manipulates/changes the

A

independent variable

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9
Q

smallest unit that can perform all of life’s processes

A

cell

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10
Q

surface tension is a result of

A

hydrogen bonds

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11
Q

carbon likes to bond 4 times by sharing electrons is called

A

covalent bond

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12
Q

structures that carry out specialized jobs

A

organs

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13
Q

process by which organism becomes a mature adult

A

development

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14
Q

why did early biologists primarily study biology

A

learn about god

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15
Q

the experimenter measures

A

dependent variable

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16
Q

speeds up a chemical reaction by reducing amount of energy needed to begin the reaction

A

catalyst

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17
Q

provides a normal standard against which the biologist can compare results

A

control group

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18
Q

fire is what kind of a chemical reaction

A

exothermic

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19
Q

groups of cells with similar abilities

A

tissue

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20
Q

a paperclip can rest on the surface of the water due to … between water molecules

A

cohesion

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21
Q

energy needed to begin a reaction

A

activation energy

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22
Q

commonly referred to as cell organs

A

organelles

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23
Q

made of a single atom that cannot be broken down any smaller

A

element

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24
Q

electrons move about the nucleus of an atom in

A

orbitals

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25
Q

deuterium is a .. of water

A

isotope

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26
Q

cell division and enlargement results in

A

growth

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27
Q

i rest a specimen on this part of the microscope

A

stage

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28
Q

ice floats because it is … dense than liquid water due to …

A

less, hydrogen bonds

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29
Q

if a solution has more hydronium ions it will be somewhere between

A

0-7 ph

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30
Q

chemical reaction that absorbs heat

A

endothermic

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31
Q

what is the difference between experimental and control groups

A

experimental is compared to control

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32
Q

what are three themes of biology

A

interdependence
evolution
unity

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33
Q

what are the characteristics of life

A 
reproduction
homeostasis
growth/development
change over time
organization
reproduction
metabolism
metamorphosis
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34
Q

often called the powerhouse of the cell

A

mitochondira

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35
Q

cell’s main energy storage molecule

A

ATP

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36
Q

key component of protein synthesis, found on ER or floating

A

ribosomes

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37
Q

where are ribosomes found

A

rough ER or cytoplasm

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38
Q

where is DNA located

A

nucleus

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39
Q

garbage man of cell

A

lysosome

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40
Q

contains chlorophyll

A

chlorplast

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41
Q

brain of cell

A

nucleus

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42
Q

provide structure for cell

A

cytoskeleton

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43
Q

cell shape is related to its

A

function

44
Q

phospholipid heads are

A

hyrophilic

45
Q

cell size is limited by its

A

surface area: volume ratio

46
Q

outer part of a plant cell composed of cellulose

A

cell wall

47
Q

model describing semi solid nature of cell membrane

A

fluid mosaic

48
Q

phospholipid tails are

A

hydrophobic

49
Q

region of cell within plasma membrane

A

cytoplasm

50
Q

outer porous surface of the cell acting as a barrier between interior and exterior

A

cell membrane

51
Q

contrast eukaryote and prokaryote

A

prokaryote have no nucleus or membrane bound organelles

52
Q

3 components of modern cell theory

A

cells have organized parts
cells are basic units of structure and function
cells come from pre-existing cells

53
Q

3 differences between animal and plant cells

A

plants have cell wall
plants have central vacuole
plants have chloroplasts with photosynthesis

54
Q

movement of water across a membrane

A

osmosis

55
Q

sodium chlorine channel is a method of diffusion via

A

ion channel

56
Q

movement of molecules across cell membrane using energy

A

active transport

57
Q

what drives a molecules speed of diffusion

A

kinetic enrgy

58
Q

if the fluid outside the cell has a lower free water molecule concentration than inside the cell, then the outside fluid is … and water diffuses … the cell

A

hyper-tonic, out

59
Q

what determines the direction of diffusion

A

relative concentration

60
Q

if the fluid outside the cell has a higher free water molecule concentration than inside the cell, then the outside fluid is … and water diffuses … the cell

A

hypotonic, in

61
Q

how do paramecia regulate their water concentration inside their

A

contractile vacuoles

62
Q

in passive transport, molecules move … their concentration gradient from … concentration to …

A

down, high, low

63
Q

what is uniport

A

1 molecule type, both direction

64
Q

what is symport

A

2 molecule types, same direction

65
Q

what is antiport

A

2 molecule type, different directions

66
Q

contrast pinocytosis and phagocytosis

A

pino: fluids in vesicles
phag: solids and large particles in vesicles

67
Q

what are photosynthetic algae

A

autotroph

68
Q

undersea organisms near hydro thermal vents are

A

chemosynthesis

69
Q

in calvin cycle, co2 is incorporated and made into organic compounds via

A

carbon fixation

70
Q

space inside thylakoid

A

thylakoid space

71
Q

base of most terrestial and aquatic food webs

A

photosynthesis

72
Q

predators and parasites are

A

heterotrophic

73
Q

where do light reactions occur

A

thylakoid membrane

74
Q

series of pigments embedded in proteins

A

photsystem

75
Q

as temperature increases, photosynthesis

A

increases to a point then decreases

76
Q

as co2 increases photosynthesis

A

increases then steady

77
Q

where does calvin cycle occur

A

stroma

78
Q

series of biological pathways

A

biological series

79
Q

as light increases photosynthesis

A

increases then holds steady

80
Q

round green disks found in chlorplast

A

thylakoid

81
Q

2 main cycles of photosynthesis

A

light reactions

calvin cycle

82
Q

what does light reactions use and make

A

use light and co2 and makes atp, nadph, oxygen

83
Q

calvin cycle use and make

A

use atp and nadph and makes glucose

84
Q

what are 4 light reactions

A

water splitting
photosystem 2
photosystem 1
atp synthesis

85
Q

pyruvic acid –> lactic acid, nad

A

lactic acid fermentation

86
Q

glucose + oxygen –> pyruvic acid, atp, nadh

A

glycolysis

87
Q

pyruvic acid + CoA –> Acetyl CoA –> co2 atp nadh fadh2

A

krebs cycle

88
Q

nadh + fadh2 –> atp, h2o

A

electron transport chain

89
Q

pyruvic acid –> ethyl alcohol and co2

A

alcohol fermentation

90
Q

who performs cell respiration

A

heterotrophs and autotrophs

91
Q

where does the krebs cycle occur

A

mitochondrial matrix

92
Q

what are two process of cell respiration

A

glycolysis and aerobic respiration

93
Q

anaerobic respiration cannot make

A

ATP

94
Q

where is lactic acid produced

A

lactic acid fermentation

95
Q

what are two processes of aerobic respiration

A

krebs cycle and electron transport chain

96
Q

what process breaks down organic compounds and make ATP

A

cell respiration

97
Q

what occurs when oxygen isn’t present

A

fermentation

98
Q

what does cell respiration require

A

oxygen

99
Q

where is ethyl alcohol produced

A

alcohol fermentation

100
Q

what is the primary function of nadh and fadh2

A

hold protons and electrons

101
Q

where does the electron transport chain occur

A

mitochondria inner membrane

102
Q

how are photosynthesis and cell respiration linked

A

photo uses h2o and co2 and produces atp and glucose. cell respiration produces atp, h2o, and co2 and uses atp and glucose

103
Q

process of lactic acid

A

6 carbon –> glycol –> pyruvic –> 3 carbon (lactic) ……..nad+ nadh + h+

104
Q

process of ethyl alcohol

A

6 carbon –> glycol –> pyruvic –> co2
–> 2C (co2) –> 2c ethyl
nad+ nadh + h+

105
Q

aerobic cell respiration summary part one

A

krebs cycle
in mitochondrial matrix
produces NADH

106
Q

two turns of krebs

A

4 co2
2 atp
hydrogen –> 6 nadh, 2 fadh2

107
Q

aerobic cell respiration summary part two

A

electron transport chain
located in inner membrane
nadh –> atp
final product is co2 and water and atp

Biology (6 decks)

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