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Biology Keywords Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Diffusion

A

The spreading out of the particles of any substance in a solution, or particles in a gas, resulting in a net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration down a concentration gradient

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2
Q

Hybridomas

A

Cells created during the production of monoclonal antibodies by the fusion of an antibody-specific lymphocyte and a tumour cell

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3
Q

Resolving power

A

A measure of the ability to distinguish between two separate points that are very close together

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4
Q

Coronary arteries

A

The blood vessels that supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle

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5
Q

Nucleotide

A

A molecule made up of a sugar, a phosphate group, and one of four different bases. They are key units in the structure of DNA and RNA

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6
Q

Phototropism

A

The response of a plant to light, controlled by auxin

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7
Q

Ciliary muscles

A

Muscles that contract and relax to change the shape of the lens of the eye

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8
Q

Phenotype

A

The physical appearance biochemistry of an individual for a particular characteristic (e.g. blue eyes)

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9
Q

Primary consumer

A

Animals that eat producers

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10
Q

Mitosis

A

Part of the cell cycle where one set of new chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell forming two identical nuclei during cell division

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11
Q

Range

A

The maximum and minimum values for the independent or dependent variables - important in ensuring that any patterns are detected

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12
Q

Mean average

A

The arithmetical average of a series of numbers (add together all valid results and divide by the number of results)

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13
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic makeup of an individual for a particular characteristic, for example hair or eye colour (the allele combination e.g. BB, or Bb)

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14
Q

Proteins

A

Molecules made of long chains of amino acids folded into specific shapes. They are used for building the cells and tissues of the body and to form substances such as enzymes

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15
Q

Distribution

A

Where particular types of organisms are found within an environment

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16
Q

STD / STI (Sexually transmitted disease / infection)

A

Transmitted from an infected person to an uninfected person by unprotected sexual contact / exchange of bodily fluids

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17
Q

Culture medium

A

A liquid or gel used to support the growth of microorganisms or other cultures, often containing specific nutrients.

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18
Q

Hyperopia

A

Long sightedness, where the rays of light from distant objects can be focused clearly on the retina but the rays of light from close objects are not focused and the objects appear blurred

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19
Q

Contraception

A

Methods of preventing pregnancy which usually involve preventing the sperm and egg from meeting

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20
Q

Preclinical testing

A

Is carried out on a potential new medicine in a laboratory using cells, tissues, and live animals to determine the drug’s potential

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21
Q

Adult Stem cells

A

Partially differentiated stem cells that are found in adults that can form a limited number of cell types

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22
Q

Coordination centres

A

Areas of the central nervous system that receive and process information from receptors

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23
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Region of the brain associated with consciousness, memory, and language

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24
Q

Turgor

A

The pressure inside a plant cell exerted by the cell contents pressing on the cell wall

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25
Q

Myopia

A

Short sightedness, where the rays of light from close objects are brought into focus on the retina but distant objects appear blurred as the light is focused in front of the retina

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26
Q

Translocation

A

The movement of sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant through the phloem

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27
Q

Catalyst

A

A substance that speeds up the rate of another reaction but is not used up or changed itself. The catalyst provides an alternative pathway for the reaction, which requires a lower activation energy

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28
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

An exothermic reaction in which glucose is broken down without using oxygen to release a small amount of energy for the cell. In animals lactic acid is produced as a waste product. In plants and microorganisms ethanol and carbon dioxide are produced.

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29
Q

Quadrat

A

A piece of equipment used to measure the abundance and distribution of organisms in the field

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30
Q

Arteries

A

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. They usually carry oxygenated blood (except the Pulmonary artery) and have a pulse

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31
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Involves the joining (fusion) of male and female gametes producing genetic variation in the offspring

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32
Q

Extinction

A

The permanent loss of all living members of a species from an area or from the world

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33
Q

Gravitropism

A

The response of a plant to gravity

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34
Q

Metabolism

A

All of the reactions taking place in a cell or the body of an organism

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35
Q

Veins

A

Blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart. They usually carry deoxygenated blood and have valves to prevent the backflow of blood

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36
Q

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)

A

A hormone which causes the eggs to mature in the ovary

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37
Q

Oestrogen

A

Female sex hormone that controls the development of secondary sexual characteristics in girls at puberty, and the build-up and maintenance of the uterus lining during the menstrual cycle

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38
Q

Receptors

A

Cells that detect stimuli - changes in the internal or external environment.

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39
Q

Carbon cycle

A

The cycling of carbon through the living and non-living world

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40
Q

Cell membrane

A

The lipid membrane around the contents of a cell that controls what moves in and out of the cell

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41
Q

Biomass

A

The amount of biological material in an organism

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42
Q

Plasmolysis

A

The state of plant cells when so much water is lost from the cell by osmosis that the vacuole and cytoplasm shrink and the cell membrane pulls away from the cell wall

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43
Q

Glycogen

A

Carbohydrate store in animals (typically in the muscles and liver)

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44
Q

Embryonic stem cells

A

Stem cells from an early embryo that can differentiate to form any specialised cells of the body

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45
Q

Competition

A

The process by which living organisms compete with each other for limited resources such as food, light, or reproductive partners

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46
Q

Central nervous system (CNS)

A

The part of the nervous system where information is processed. It is made up of the brain and spinal cord

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47
Q

Species

A

The smallest group of clearly identified organisms in Linnaeus’s classification system, often described as a group of organisms that can breed together and produce fertile offspring

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48
Q

Motor neurones

A

Carry impulses from the central nervous system to the effector organs

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49
Q

Vasodilation

A

The dilation or opening up of the blood vessels

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50
Q

Cloning

A

The production of identical offspring by asexual reproduction

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51
Q

Communicable disease

A

Disease caused by pathogens that can be passed from one organism to another (infectious diseases)

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52
Q

Ionising radiation

A

Radiation (particle or electromagnetic) which can cause ionisation of molecules in cells that it passes through. This can lead to cell death, mutation and/or cancer

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53
Q

Alveoli

A

Tiny air sacs in the lungs that increase the surface area for gaseous exchange

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54
Q

Stem cells

A

Undifferentiated cells with the potential to form a wide variety of different cell types

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55
Q

Endocrine system

A

The glands that produce the hormones that control many aspects of the development and metabolism of the body, and the hormones they produce.

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56
Q

Exothermic reaction

A

A reaction that transfers energy to the surroundings

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57
Q

Domain

A

The highest level of classification. There are three domains - Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukaryota

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58
Q

Dialysis

A

The process of cleansing the blood through a dialysis machine when the kidneys fail

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59
Q

Capillaries

A

The smallest blood vessels. They run between individual cells and have a wall that is only one cell thick to allow movement of substance to and from the blood

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60
Q

Median average

A

The middle value in an ordered list of numbers

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61
Q

Plasma

A

The clear yellow-liquid part of the blood that carries dissolved substances and blood cells around the body

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62
Q

Fatty acids

A

Part of the structure of a lipid molecule

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63
Q

Insulin

A

A hormone involved in the control of blood sugar levels (converts free glucose in the blood into glycogen)

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64
Q

Pathogens

A

Microorganisms that cause disease (bacteria, viruses, protists, fungi)

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65
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Endocrine ‘master gland’ found in the brain that secretes a number of different hormones into the blood in response to different conditions to control other endocrine glands in the body

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66
Q

Transect

A

A measured line or area along which ecological measurements are made

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67
Q

Mode average

A

The number which occurs most often in a set of data

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68
Q

Casual mechanism

A

Something that explains how one factor influences another

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69
Q

Red blood cells (erythrocytes)

A

Biconcave cells without a nucleus that contain the protein haemoglobin and carry oxygen around the body in the blood

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70
Q

Tissue culture

A

A modern way of cloning plants that allows thousands of new plants to be created from one piece of plant tissue

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71
Q

Extremophile

A

An organism that can survive and reproduce in extreme conditions

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72
Q

Heterozygote

A

Individual with different alleles for a characteristic (e.g. Bb)

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73
Q

Digestive system

A

The organ system where food is digested and absorbed

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74
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The water-based gel in which the organelles of all living cells are suspended and most of the chemical reactions of life take place

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75
Q

Penicillium

A

The mould from which the antibiotic penicillin is extracted

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76
Q

Tropism

A

The responses of plant roots and shoots to environmental stimuli such as light or gravity

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77
Q

Gibberellins

A

Plant hormones that are important in initiating seed germination

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78
Q

Bile

A

A substance that neutralises stomach acid to give a higher pH for the enzymes from the pancreas and small intestine to work well. It is not an enzyme. Also emulsifies lipids to aid digestion

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79
Q

Active transport

A

The movement of substances from a lower concentration to an area of higher concentration against the concentration gradient. Requires energy from respiration

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80
Q

Nerve

A

A bundle of hundreds or even thousands of neurones

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81
Q

Dominant allele

A

The phenotype will be apparent in the offspring even if only one of the alleles is inherited (shown with an upper case letter)

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82
Q

Effectors

A

Areas (usually muscles or glands) that bring about responses in the body

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83
Q

Zygote

A

The single new cell formed by the fusion of gametes in sexual reproduction (the fertilised egg)

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84
Q

Biodiversity

A

A measure of the variety of all the different species of organisms in a given environment

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85
Q

Vena cava

A

The large vein that brings deoxygenated blood from the body into the right atrium of the heart

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86
Q

Haemoglobin

A

The red iron containing pigment that carries oxygen around the body in the red blood cells (forms oxyhaemoglobin when bound to oxygen)

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87
Q

Non-communicable diseases

A

Diseases which are not infectious and cannot be passed from one organism to another. Usually inherited or caused by lifestyle.

88
Q

Adaptations

A

Special features that make an organism particularly well suited to the environment where it lives

89
Q

Tissue

A

A group of specialised cells with a similar structure and function

90
Q

Glucagon

A

A hormone involved in the control of blood sugar levels (converts stored glycogen into glucose)

91
Q

Palisade mesophyll

A

The upper layer of the mesophyll tissue in plant leaves made up of closely packed cells that contain many chloroplasts for photosynthesis

92
Q

Sperm

A

The male sex cells or gametes that carry the genetic material from the male parent

93
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

A disorder where the body cells no longer respond to the insulin produced by the pancreas

94
Q

Ovulation

A

The release of a mature egg (ovum) from the ovary

95
Q

Photosynthesis

A

The process by which plants synthesise food using carbon dioxide, water, and light

96
Q

Platelets (thrombocytes)

A

Fragments of cells in the blood that play a vital role in the clotting mechanism of the blood

97
Q

Guard cells

A

Surround the stomata in the leaves of plants and control their opening and closing

98
Q

Genetic engineering

A

The process by which scientists can manipulate and change the genotype of an organism

99
Q

Epidermal

A

The name given to cells that make up the epidermis or outer layer of an organism

100
Q

Speciation

A

The process by which two species evolve from a single original species by natural selection

101
Q

Carbohydrases

A

Enzymes that speed up the breakdown of carbohydrates into simple sugars

102
Q

Abundance

A

An indication of how common or rare a particular type of organism is in a given environment

103
Q

Mitochondria

A

The organelle responsible for carrying out aerobic cellular respiration in a cell

104
Q

Chlorophyll

A

The green pigment contained in the chloroplasts

105
Q

Osmosis

A

The diffusion of water through a partially permeable membrane from a dilute solution (which has a high concentration of water) to a concentrated solution (with a low concentration of water) down a concentration gradient

106
Q

Glycerol

A

Part of the structure of a lipid molecule

107
Q

Inoculate

A

Introducing microorganisms to a culture medium, or introducing modified microorganisms into an individual to protect them against disease

108
Q

Alleles

A

Different versions of the same gene, sometimes referred to as variants

109
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

Cells that have membrane bound organelles e.g. a nucleus

110
Q

Urea

A

The waste product formed by the breakdown of excess amino acids in the liver

111
Q

Trophic level

A

Feeding levels in an ecosystem

112
Q

Mutation

A

A change in the genetic material of an organism

113
Q

Decomposers

A

Microorganisms that break down waste products and dead bodies

114
Q

Pulmonary artery

A

The large blood vessel that takes deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs

115
Q

Double circulatory system

A

The circulation of blood from the heart to the lungs is separate from the circulation of blood from the heart to the rest of the body

116
Q

Phloem

A

The living transport tissue in plants that carries dissolved food (sugars) from the leaves to the rest of the plant

117
Q

Organ

A

An aggregation (collection ) of different tissues working together to carry out specific functions

118
Q

Amylase

A

An enzyme that speeds up the digestion of starch into glucose

119
Q

Placebo

A

A medicine that does not contain the active drug being tested, used in clinical trials of new medicines

120
Q

Active site

A

The area on an enzyme where the substrate attach

121
Q

Incident energy

A

Light from the Sun arriving at the surface of the Earth

122
Q

Stent

A

A metal mesh placed in a blocked or partially blocked artery. They are used to open up the blood vessel by the inflation of a tiny balloon

123
Q

Lactic acid

A

The end product of anaerobic respiration in animal cells

124
Q

Vaccine

A

Dead, inactive, or recombinant pathogenic material used in vaccination to develop immunity to a disease in a healthy person

125
Q

Producers

A

Organisms such as plants and algae that can make food using processes such as photosynthesis or chemosynthesis

126
Q

Algae

A

Simple aquatic organisms (protista) that make their own food by photosynthesis

127
Q

Thermoregulatory centre

A

The area of the brain that is sensitive to the temperature of the blood

128
Q

Glucose

A

A simple sugar - C6H12O6

129
Q

Ventricles

A

Chambers at the base of the heart that contract to force blood out of the heart to the lungs or body

130
Q

Evolutionary trees

A

Models used to explain the evolutionary links between groups of organisms

131
Q

Auxin

A

A plant hormone that controls the responses of plants to light (Phototropism) and gravity (Gravitropism)

132
Q

Hypotonic

A

(Osmosis) A solution that is less concentrated / more dilute than the cell contents

133
Q

Cell cycle

A

The process of cell division in a body cell, ending in the production of two identical daughter cells. Comprised of interphase (growth 1, synthesis, growth 2), and mitosis

134
Q

Bases (DNA)

A

Nitrogenous compounds that make up part of the structure of DNA and RNA. They are represented by the letters A, T, C, G, and U.

135
Q

Stomata

A

Openings/pores in the leaves of plants, particularly on the underside and opened and closed by guard cells, allowing gases to enter and leave the leaf

136
Q

Clinical trials

A

The testing of potential new drugs on human volunteers

137
Q

Community

A

A group of interdependent living organisms in an ecosystem

138
Q

Sample size

A

The size of a sample in an investigation

139
Q

White blood cells

A

Blood cells involved in the immune system of the body. They engulf pathogens and produce antibodies and antitoxins

140
Q

Malignant tumours

A

Invade neighbouring tissues and spread to different parts of the body in the blood where they form secondary tumours. They are also known as cancers

141
Q

Permanent vacuole

A

A permanent space in the cytoplasm of a cell filled with cell sap

142
Q

Neurones

A

Basic cells of the nervous system that carry minute electrical impulses around the body

143
Q

Virus

A

Pathogens that are much smaller than bacteria and can only reproduce inside living cells of other organisms

144
Q

Interdependence

A

The network of relationships between different organisms within a community, for example each species depends on other species for food, shelter, pollination, seed dispersal, etc.

145
Q

Homeostasis

A

The general name for the processes which keep the internal conditions of a cell or organism constant (and optimum for function)

146
Q

Polydactyly

A

A dominant inherited disorder that results in babies born with extra fingers and/or toes

147
Q

Reflex arcs

A

Bring about a reflex action. They involve the sense organ, sensory neurone, relay neurone and motor neurone

148
Q

Denatured

A

The breakdown of the molecular structure of a protein so it no longer functions (the changing of the shape of a protein preventing its proper function)

149
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Molecules that contain only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They provide the energy for the metabolism and are found in foods such as rice, potatoes, and bread

150
Q

Therapeutic cloning

A

A process where an embryo is produced that is genetically identical to the patient so the cells can then be used in medical treatments

151
Q

Aorta

A

The artery that leaves the heart from the left ventricle and carries oxygenated blood to the body

152
Q

Aphids

A

Insects that penetrate the plant phloem and feed on the dissolved nutrients. They act as plant pathogens and are also vectors that carry pathogens to healthy plant tissue

153
Q

Hormones

A

Chemicals produced in one area of the body of an organism that have an effect on the functioning of another area of the body. In animals hormones are produced in glands.

154
Q

Homozygote

A

Individual with two identical alleles for a characteristic (e.g. BB or bb)

155
Q

Suspensory ligaments

A

The ligaments that connect the lens of the eye to the ciliary muscles

156
Q

Sensory neurone

A

Neurone that carries impulses from the sensory organs/receptors to the central nervous system

157
Q

Isotonic

A

(Osmosis) A solution that is the same concentration as the cell contents

158
Q

Reflexes

A

Rapid automatic responses of the nervous system that do not involve conscious thought

159
Q

Lipase

A

Enzymes that speed up the breakdown of lipids into fatty acids and glycerol

160
Q

Bacteria

A

Single-celled prokaryotic organisms

161
Q

Statins

A

Drugs used to lower blood cholesterol levels and improve the balance of HDLs to LDLs in the blood

162
Q

Ribosomes

A

The organelle responsible for protein synthesis in a cell

163
Q

Xylem

A

The non-living transport tissue in plants that transports water from the roots to the leaves and shoots

164
Q

Atria

A

The upper chambers of the heart

165
Q

Cerebellum

A

Region of the brain concerned with coordinating muscular activity and balance

166
Q

Selective reabsorption

A

The process in the kidney where the materials needed in the body such as glucose, some mineral ions, and water are reabsorbed back into the blood from the filtrate

167
Q

Secondary consumer

A

Animals that eat the primary consumers

168
Q

Oxygen debt

A

The extra oxygen that must be taken into the body after exercise has stopped to complete the aerobic respiration of lactic acid

169
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

The constriction or narrowing of the blood vessels

170
Q

Cell wall

A

The rigid structure around plant and algal cells. It is made of cellulose and strengthens/supports the cell

171
Q

Tumour

A

A mass of abnormally growing cells that forms when the cells do not respond to the normal mechanisms that control growth and when control of the cell cycle is lost

172
Q

Pulmonary vein

A

The large blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the left atrium of the heart

173
Q

Selective breeding

A

Human lead natural selection. Where humans actively choose organisms to reproduce based on desired characteristics

174
Q

Amino acids

A

Molecules made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen that are the building blocks of proteins

175
Q

Simple sugars

A

Small carbohydrate units, for example glucose

176
Q

Organ system

A

A group of organs that work together to carry out specific functions and form organisms

177
Q

Hypertonic

A

(Osmosis) A solution that is more concentrated than the cell contents

178
Q

Differentiate

A

The process where cells become specialised for a particular function

179
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Reproduction involving only one individual. The offspring is identical to the parent. There is no fusion of gametes or mixing of genetic information

180
Q

Binary fission

A

Reproduction by simple cell division, e.g. when bacteria divide

181
Q

Cellulose

A

The complex carbohydrate that makes up plant and algal cell walls and gives them strength.

182
Q

Partially permeable membrane

A

A membrane that allows only certain substances to pass through

183
Q

Meiosis

A

Two stage process of cell division that produces four non-identical daughter cells (gametes) with reduced chromosomal numbers compared to regular cells.

184
Q

Lipids

A

Include fats and oils and are found in foods such as butter, olive oil, and crisps. They are made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

185
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

An exothermic reaction in which glucose is broken down using oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water and release energy for the cells (occurs in the mitochondria)

186
Q

Endothermic reaction

A

A reaction that requires a transfer of energy from the surroundings to the reactants

187
Q

Adrenaline

A

The hormone that prepares the body for flight or fight

188
Q

Testosterone

A

The main male sex hormone that controls the male secondary sexual characteristics at puberty and the production of sperm

189
Q

Quantitative sampling

A

Recording the number of organisms rather than just the type

190
Q

Recessive

A

A phenotype that will only show up in the offspring if both of the alleles coding for that characteristic are inherited (shown using a lower case letter)

191
Q

Carcinogens

A

Agents that cause cancer or significantly increase the risk of developing cancer

192
Q

Benign tumours

A

Growths of abnormal cells that are contained in one area, usually within a membrane, and do not invade other tissues

193
Q

Chloroplasts

A

The organelles in which photosynthesis takes place

194
Q

Chlorosis

A

The yellowing seen on the leaves of plants when they cannot make chlorophyll due to lack of magnesium ions

195
Q

Stimuli

A

Changes in the external or internal environment that can be detected by receptors

196
Q

Medulla

A

The region of the brain concerned with unconscious activities such as controlling the heart rate and breathing rate

197
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

A disorder where the pancreas fails to produce sufficient insulin

198
Q

Nucleus

A

Organelle found in many living (eukaryotic) cells containing the genetic information surrounded by the nuclear membrane

199
Q

Ovaries

A

Female gonads that produce eggs and sex hormones

200
Q

Correlation

A

An apparent link or relationship between two factors

201
Q

Proteases

A

Enzymes that speed up the breakdown of proteins into amino acids

202
Q

Cancer

A

The common name for a malignant tumour, formed as a result of changes in cells that lead to uncontrolled growth and division

203
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

Cells which have a cytoplasm surrounded by a cell membrane, and a cell wall that does not contain cellulose. The genetic material is a DNA loop that is free in the cytoplasm and not enclosed by a nucleus. Sometimes there are one or more small rings of DNA called plasmids

204
Q

Spongy mesophyll

A

The lower layer of mesophyll tissue in plant leaves that contains some chloroplasts and many large air spaces to give a big surface area for the exchange of gases

205
Q

Transpiration

A

The loss of water vapour from the leaves of plants through the stomata when they are opened to allow gas exchange for photosynthesis. It involves evaporation from the surface of the cells and diffusion through the stomata

206
Q

Limiting factors

A

Factors which restrict / limit the rate of a reaction, for example light intensity in photosynthesis

207
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

Carry the information that determines the sex of an individual (X and Y in humans)

208
Q

Agar gel

A

Solid culture medium used to grow bacteria and fungi

209
Q

ADH

A

Helps control the water balance of the body and affects the amount and concentration of urine produced by the kidney

210
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

An inherited disorder affecting the cell membrane. Typically affects the lungs, digestive, and reproductive system and is inherited through a recessive allele

211
Q

Natural selection

A

The process by which evolution takes place. Organisms produce more offspring than the environment can support. Only those that are most suited to their environment will survive to breed and pass on their useful characteristics to their offspring.

212
Q

Carriers

A

Individuals who are heterozygous for a recessive allele linked to a genetic disorder. Carriers have one healthy allele so they are not affected themselves but they can pass on the affected allele to their offspring

213
Q

Ventilation

A

Movement of air or water into and out of the gas exchange organ, for example lungs or gills

214
Q

Classification

A

The organisation of living organisms into groups according to their similarities

215
Q

Punnett square diagram

A

A way of modelling a genetic cross and predicting the outcome using probability

216
Q

Archaea

A

One of the three domains, containing primitive forms of bacteria that can live in many of the extreme environments of the world

217
Q

Enzymes

A

Biological catalysts, usually proteins

TPS Science New Spec (14 decks)

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