Biology January 2020 PPE Flashcards by sage w

What is lysis?

When a cell bursts after it takes in too much water

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What is crenation?

The wrinkled shape of an animal cell after it loses water

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What is a haploid cell?

A cell that has half the usual number of chromosomes

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What is a diploid cell?

A cell that contains two full sets of chromosomes

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What is the field of view?

How much you can see through the microscope

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What is the field of view used for?

To estimate the diameter of cells

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What kind of organism is a human?

A multi cellular organism

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How are specialised cells created?

Through a process called differentiation

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What is the function of an egg cell?

It carries half of the genetic information needed for reproduction

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How has the egg cell adapted to its function?

It has a jelly coat so only one sperm cell can enter. it also is packed with nutrients.

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What is the function of a sperm cell?

It’s job is to fertilise the egg cell

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How has the sperm cell adapted to its function?

It has a tail so it can swim and it is streamlined so it can reach the egg cell faster. It also has lots of mitochondria for energy

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What is magnification?

The process of enlarging the physical appearance/image of something

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What is the max magnification of a light microscope?

x1500

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What is resolution?

The level of detail that can be seen using a microscope

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What is the max resolution of a light microscope?

0.0001mm

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What is the active site?

A small pocket with a unique shape on an enzyme that fits with a specific substrate

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Can enzymes catalyse more than one reaction?

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What is a substrate?

The initial substance which an enzyme acts upon

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What does denature mean?

To destroy the characteristic properties affecting the active site

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What is an enzyme?

A biological catalyst

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Where do you find enzymes?

The digestive system

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What do enzymes do?

Speed up reactions

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What is digestion?

Breaking down lager molecules into smaller molecules

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What is synthesis?

Joining smaller molecules together to make larger ones

What is is protein made of?

Amino acids

What is starch made of?

Glucose

What are lipids made of?

Glycerol and fatty acids

What does amylase catalyse?

Starch to sugar

What does starch synthase do?

Turns glucose into starch

Where does growth occur in plants?

The root and shoot tips

What is mitosis used for?

Growth and repair

Does mitosis produce diploid or haploid cells?

Diploid

After mitosis, are the cells identical or different to the parent cell?

Identical

Give an example of a specialised animal cell

Egg cell, sperm cell, ciliated epithial cell, nerve cell etc..

Give a short definition of a stem cell

Stem cells have the ability to become any cell in your body

What is growth?

Growth is the increase in the number of cells to increase size

What is optimum pH and temperature?

The level of pH and temperature at which the rate of reaction is at its highest

Can enzymes be denatured at colder temperatures?

No, they only denature at hotter temperatures

What test would you do to find starch?

Iodine

What test would you do to find protein?

Biuret

What test would you do to find glucose?

Benedict

What test would you do to find fats?

Ethanol

What is diffusion?

The net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration without any external energy

What does diffusion require?

The kinetic energy of the particles

What is osmosis?

The movement from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential through a semi permeable membrane

What is the water potential of pure water?

Zero

What happens to the water potential when the substance becomes more impure?

It decreases

What is active transport?

The movement of particles from a low concentration to a high concentration. It requires energy and is very selective

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A complex cell

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A simple cell

Give an example of a eukaryotic cell

Animal cell, plant cell

Give an example of a prokaryotic cell

Bacteria

Explain the nucleus?

It contains genetic information and it is arranged in chromosomes

Explain the cytoplasm?

It is a gel-like substance where chemical reactions occur

Explain the cell membrane?

It controls what goes in and out of the cell

Explain the mitochondria?

Reactions for respiration take place and it transfers energy

Explain the ribosomes?

It is involved in translation of genetic material and synthesis of proteins

Explain the cell wall?

It is made of cellulose and it supports and strengthens the cell

Explain the vacuole?

It contains cell sap (sugar and salts) and also maintains the internal pressure of the cell

Explain the chloroplasts?

This is where photosynthesis occurs. It contains a green substance called chlorophyll

Explain the flagellum?

A sort of tail on bacteria. It can be used to move bacteria away from harmful substances and towards beneficial things

Explain the chromosomal DNA?

It controls the cells activities and replication. It floats free in the cytoplasm

Explain the plasmid DNA?

It is extra DNA that are not part of the chromosome. It contains genes for drug resistance and it can be passed between bacteria

What are the products of photosynthesis?

Glucose and oxygen

Name two limiting factors of photosynthesis

Light Consentration of carbon dioxide Temperature Chloropyll

Is photosynthesis endothermic or exothermic?

Endothermic becauseenergy is transferred from the envirionment into the process

Name two ways plants use glucose

``` For respiration For makking cellulose Making amino acids Stored as oils or fats Stored as starch ```

Why can chloropyll be a limiting factor for photosynthesis?

If a plant is diseased, it can affect the amount of chloropyll, meaning the rate of photosynthesis is reduced because the plant cannot absorb as much light

How is DNA structured?

It is made up of nucleotides and coiled into a double helix shape

Where is DNA found?

In chromosomes which are in the nucleus of a cell

What are nucleotides made up of?

A phosphate, a sugar and a base

What base pairs with Thymine?

Adenine

What base pairs with Cytosine?

Guamine

What is a genome?

The entire set of genetic material in an organism

What is a gene?

A small section of DNA found on a chromosome

What does a gene do?

Each gene codes for a specific sequence of amino acids which are put together of make proteins during protein sythesis

What is non-coding DNA?

DNA that doesn't code for any amino acids

What does non-coding DNA do?

It switches genes on and off so they control whether or not a gene is expressed

Where are proteins created?

In the cytoplasm of a cell

What is a codon?

A sequence of three nucleotides that code for one type of amino acid