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Biology- Infectious disease Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

A drug used to bring about passive immunity

A

VACCINE

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2
Q

A pathogen that is not alive

A

VIRUS

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3
Q

A microorganism that causes disease

A

PATHOGEN

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4
Q

Its name literally means ‘cell eating’

A

PHAGOCYTE

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5
Q

An antibiotic resistant bacteria

A

MRSA

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6
Q

Produced by Lymphocytes

A

ANTIBODY

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7
Q

Process by which bacteria becomes resistant to antibiotics

A

EVOLUTION

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8
Q

Doctor who first realized that the spread of disease could be prevented by washing hands

A

SEMMELWEISS

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9
Q

A disease that has been eradicated by worldwide vaccination

A

SMALLPOX

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10
Q

A drug only effective in fighting bacterial infections

A

ANTIBIOTIC

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11
Q

Cell surface marker

A

ANTIGEN

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12
Q

Two ways viruses are different from bacteria…

A

Viruses have protein coats and bacteria do not. Viruses reproduce using host cells whereas bacteria just divide

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13
Q

Magnification equation..

A

magnification= image size/ actual size m=i/a

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14
Q

Influenza virus reproduces by…

A

infecting a host cell and destroying the host cell.

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15
Q

It is difficult to produce a single virus against the common cold because…

A

the cold virus keeps changing

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16
Q

Auto clave

A

pressure cooker used to sterilize the used plates

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17
Q

Antibiotics are ineffective against…

A

viruses

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18
Q

Examples of VIRUSES

A

influenza, common cold, HIV, AIDS

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19
Q

Examples of BACTERIA

A

Tuberculosis, Whooping cough, Cholera, Tetanus

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20
Q

Examples of FUNGI

A

Athletes foot, ringworm, potato blight, tapeworm, round worms

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21
Q

How many hours and minutes does it take for Bacteria to reproduce to make 1 million?

A

6h20mins

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22
Q

When antigens are released they are then called …

A

toxins

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23
Q

A pathogen is

A

a disease causing microorganisms

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24
Q

Agar jelly- great place for microorganisms to grow

Has to be 25 not 40 degrees because

A

at 40 it can become a biohazard

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25
Q

What is an antigen?

A

A marker molecule on the surface of a pathogen, which is foreign to the body.

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26
Q

Where are antigens in bacteria?

A

On the cell wall

27
Q

Where are the antigens in a virus?

A

On the protein coat.

28
Q

What is a lymphocyte?

A

A lymphocyte is a white blood cell which respond to the antigens and toxins by producing antibodies and help to protect against disease.

29
Q

What happens to lymphocytes when they combine with an antigen?

A

They divide and multiply and release antibodies which are perfectly shaped to the antigens which surround the antigens and toxins and destroy them and the bacteria.

30
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Made by lymphocytes to destroy toxins and bacteria.

31
Q

What happens to toxins when antibodies bind to them?

A

They are destroyed

32
Q

How long do antibodies last in the body?

A

2-3 weeks

33
Q

How long do lymphocytes survive?

A

For a life time

34
Q

The process of Phagocytosis

A

1) The phagocyte (white blood cell) can detect the bacteria using antigens
2) It engulfs the bacteria
3) Enzymes digest the bacteria within the phagocyte cell
4) The bacteria “disappears”

35
Q

Bacteria are…

A

singles- celled organisms, which can multiply rapidly.

36
Q

Some bacteria can make you ill by..

A

damaging your body cells or producing toxins

37
Q

Viruses are …

A

tiny particles- they are not cells.

38
Q

They are often made up of a coat of protein and a strand of…

A

DNA

39
Q

Viruses replicate by…

A

fooling body cells into making copies of them

40
Q

The cell then bursts and releases…

A

the new virus

41
Q

The cell damage makes…

A

you feel ill.

42
Q

It is important that people who have organ transplants avoid infection because …

A

they can’t deal with an infection because the drugs they take suppress their immune system.

43
Q

White blood cells protect the body from infection by

A

engulfing microbes and killing them with phagocytes; detecting and identifying foreign bodies with antibodies from lymphocytes AND creating antibodies to help destroy bacteria from lymphocytes.

44
Q

White blood cells recognize types of …

A

pathogens using antigens.

45
Q

Natural immunity is …

A

experiencing a disease, surviving it and gaining an immune memory.

46
Q

The body protects itself from infection from cuts by…

A

making a clot, which stops bacteria entering from the cut and then scabs.

47
Q

Pathogen:

A

a disease causing a microorganism

48
Q

Immunization:

A

vaccination so the body is immune

49
Q

Antigens:

A

marker molecules on the surface of a pathogen, which are foreign to the body

50
Q

Booster:

A

second immunization

51
Q

Why can’t antibiotics treat colds?

A

Viruses cause colds; antibiotics only treat bacteria or infections

52
Q

Why is it more difficult to develop drugs to destroy viruses than it is to develop drugs to kill bacteria?

A

They are inside the human cell so they are hard to get at.

53
Q

Lymphocytes respond to the chemicals on the outer surface of the bacteria or produced by the bacteria by…

A

making special proteins called antibodies.

54
Q

The increased number of lymphocytes makes the person immune to the disease because…

A

the body is able to produce large amounts of antibody quickly and kill the bacterium before it can increase in number.

55
Q

An antigen is a marker molecule on the surface of a pathogen. When released an antigen becomes a toxin. Antibodies destroy the bacteria by

A

binding onto the antigen on the pathogen. Made by lymphocytes.

56
Q

Primary response:

A

First encounter with a new pathogen, what your body does on that encounter.

57
Q

Secondary response:

A

What your immune system does the second time you experience that pathogen. Faster, longer and bigger than the primary response.

58
Q

What is an antibiotic?

A

Antibiotics are medicines which can kill disease- causing bacteria inside your body. Chemical warfare agent fight off other microorganisms and decrease competition for food.

59
Q

What are antibiotics effective against and how?

A

Antibiotics are effective against bacteria which can cause disease while they are inside your body. That damage the bacteria cells without damaging your own cells. They can save you from diseases which have previously killed millions of people.

60
Q

Antibiotics not effective against?

A

Antibiotics are not effective against diseases cause by viruses as it is difficult to produce drugs to kill viruses without damaging the body’s cells.

61
Q

How was MRSA developed?

A

MRSA developed by a chance, random, genetic mutation. NOT because antibiotics were used. MRSA became more common because antibiotics were used because MRSA had a selective advantage. If methicillin had not been used there would have been no reason for MRSA to become more common.

62
Q

What does MRSA stand for?

A

Methicillin
Resistant
Staphylococcus
Aureus

63
Q

How many people die each year from MRSA in the UK?

A

3000-4000

Biology (5 decks)

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