Biology II Test 3 (Dr. Wright) Flashcards
1
Q
Primary Producers
A
Photoautotrophs and Chemo-
2
Q
Consumers
A
Primary, Secondary, etc. (Omnivores)
3
Q
Decomposers
A
Bacteria, Fungi
4
Q
Gross Primary Production (GPP)
A
Total amount of energy captured by producers
5
Q
Net Primary Production (NPP)
A
GPP - Respiration (what can essentially be eatedn by consumers)
6
Q
Secondary Production
A
Biomass growth in consumer
7
Q
What is true about warmer ecosystems’ rate of decomposition?
A
It is higher!
8
Q
What is true about the rate of decomposition in cold/wet ecosystems?
A
It is slower! Matter can be stored and has to be taken up from upwelling. (For a long time!)
9
Q
Water Cycle Processes and Reservoirs
A
Evaporation, Condensation, Precipitation, Transpiration, Runoff.
Oceans, Ice, Freshwater
10
Q
Carbon Cycle Processes and Reservoirs
A
Respiration, Photosynthesis, Burning, Volcanic Activity, Decomposition.
Fossil Fuels, Rocks, Ocean, Soils, Atmosphere
11
Q
Nitrogen Cycle Processes and Reservoirs
A
Fixation (Lightning, Volcanos, Bacteria), Nitrification, Denitrification, Haber-Bosh, Runoff
Ammonium, Nitrate, Amino Acids, Free N2.
12
Q
Phosphorus Cycle Processes and Reservoirs
A
Weathering, blowing as dust, runoff, plant uptake, decomposition.
Phosphate, marine rocks, soil, ocean, organisms
13
Q
Capsule/Slime layer
A
Cell Wall lined with layer of polysaccharide or protein
14
Q
Endospores
A
Resistant Cells, no water inside, copy of chromosome encased in multilayered structure, dormant
15
Q
Fimbraie
A
Hair like appendages, attach to a substrate
16
Q
Exaptation
A
A trait taken on by an organism that differs from the original function derived by evolution
17
Q
Autotrophs
A
Only need CO2 or other carbon compounds
18
Q
Heterotrophs
A
Need organic nutrient
19
Q
Obligate aerobes
A
Need O2 (Celular Respiration)
20
Q
Obligate anaerobes
A
Are poisoned!! Fermentation, anaerobic respiration.
21
Q
Facultative Anaerobes
A
Can switch if they use oxygen or not
22
Q
How do Prokaryotes reproduce?
A
Binary Fission
23
Q
Transformation
A
Uptake of foreign DNA, integration of homologous alleles
24
Q
Transduction
A
Bacteriophages can carry genes between hosts, can be integrated in own DNA.
25
Conjugation
One-way transfer of DNA. Donor connects via pilus. Retracts to pull them together, transfers DNA to the recipient.
26
F factor
Several genes that enable conjugation
27
Plasmid
Small circular bits of DNA
28
Proteobacteria
Diverse clade, gram-negative, 5 subgroups: Alpha, Beta, Delta...
29
Alpha
Close with the eukaryotic host. Mitochondria might be descendants of this. Example: "Rhizobium" in legume roots, "Agrobacterium" creating plant tumors.
30
Beta
Nutritionally diverse, wide range of aquatic species. Examples: "Nitrosomonas"- nitrification, "Rubrivivax," "Neisseria Gonorrhoeae"
31
Gamma
Most diverse in shape, size, form, etc. Many symbionts. "Thiomargarita namibiensis" largest bacterium visible to the eye! Pathogens: Yersinia Pestis, Vibrio Cholerae, E. Coli, Salmonella
32
Delta
Myxobacteria- congregate to the fruiting body when food is scarce or soil is dry, releasing resistant myxospores. Bdellovibrios- charge at other bacteria, attach to surface molecules, and drill in with digestive enzymes.
33
Epsilon
Most of the pathogens. Example: Campylobactor- blood poisoning. Helicobacter pylori- stomach ulcers.
34
Chlamydias
Parasites. Only viable within animal cells. Gram-negative. Cell walls lack peptidoglycan. Chlamydia trachomatis- common cause of blindness
35
Spirochetes
Helical- spiral around using rotating internal filaments, gram-negative, heterotrophs, many free living/pathogens. Examples: treponema pallidum- syphillus. Lyme disease
36
Cyanobacteria
Gram-negative, photoautotrophs, chloroplasts possibly former cyanobacteria, some are N-fixers
37
Gram-positive
Much diversity, mostly free-living decomposers. Examples: streptomycin, Mycoplasmas- only known bacteria w/o cell wall, smallest bacteria. Lots of pathogens still.
38
Archaea
Extreme halophiles
39
Thermophiles
Hot environment, Pyrococcus furiosus- geothermal marine sediments, Sulfolobus- volcanic springs
40
Crenarchaeota
Most thermophiles, some in non-extreme environments, TACK supergroup
41
Cuticle
Waxy covering on surface to seal in water
42
Stomata
Specialized cells to regulate water loss during photosythesis
43
Challenges to Ancestor Plants:
Water availability and loss/Gravity and structural support
44
Alteration of Generations
Two different life stages: Gametophyte (Haploid) and Sporophyte (Diploid). BOTH multicellular
45
Xylem
Water and mineral transport one way, dead cells form the tube
46
Phloem
Organic molecules (sugars)
47
Fungi
Heterotrophic, takes nutrients up by absorption, stores carbohydrates as glycogen (like us!), mostly multicellular, reproduce by spores
48
Cell walls of Fungi are made of:
Chitin
49
Hyphae
Tubular cells forming networks
50
Mycelium
Interwoven mass of hyphae
51
Fruiting body
Structure of Fungi we eat and carries spores
52
What is the symbiosis fungi have with plants?
Mycorrhizae: roots and hyphae in close contact, extends plants' root network
53
Ectomycorrhizal fungi
Fungal sheaths around roots, but dont penetrate cells
54
Endomycorrhiza
Hyphae penetrate cell walls and and push into cell membrane
55
Arbuscular Mycorrhiza
Endomycorrhiza which forms tree-like branches structures
56
Fungi Asexul Reporduction
Clonal Spores
57
Fungi Sexual Reproduction
Plasogamy, Herkogamic Stage, Karyogamy, Meiosis
58
Chytrids
Freshwater/Terrestrial, Decomposers or parasites, responsible for amphibian decline, white-nose syndrome in bats, flagellated zoospores
59
Zygomycetes
Molds, forms spores when nutrients are depleted, terrestrial, symbiote or parasites
60
Glomeromycetes
Terrestrial, symbionts with land plants, form arbuscular mycorrhizal, some in wetlands
61
Ascomycetes
Marine, freshwater, and terrestrial. Fruiting bodies: ascocarp. Sac and cup. Spores in the internal sac. Example: morels and some yeasts. Decompose cellulose, lignin, or collagen.
62
Basidiomycetes
Live anywhere, basidiocarp as the fruiting body, spores in gills, long heterokaryotic stage, eatable, important decomposers
63
Lichens
No moss, Algae, Cyanobacteria, or fungi. Live in extreme conditions, indicates pollution.
64
True Tissues
Grouping of similar cells of the same origin that perform a function
65
Cephalization
The trend of clustering mouth and sensory organs at front of the body. More complex sensory organs, brains. Movement/bilateral symmetry.
66
Germ layers
Ectoderm (outer) Endoderm (inner) Mesoderm (muscle, filling)
67
Coelom
Body cavity. Organs are independent of body wall, fluid
68
Hox Genes
Specify regions in the body plan along the anterior-posterior axis. Ensure the development of tissues into correct organs in the correct locations.
69
Protostomes
Mouth develops first before anus
70
Deuterostomes
Mouth arrives after anus
71
Ecdysozoa
Animals that moult
72
Lophotrochozoa
Lophophore: ciliated tentacles around the mouth. Larve is independent and free swimming
73
Porifera
No true tissues, asymmetrical, filter-feeders, collar cells trap and digest food particles, skeletal structure: protein fibers and made of calcium carbonate.
74
Porifera Sexual Reproduction
Hermaphrodites (produce sperm cells and eggs). Eggs fertilize to develop larva/blastula. Released and settle elsewhere. Some reproduce asexually. ie sponges
75
Cnidaria
Radial symmetry, 2 tissue layers, mostly marine, decentralized nerve net, carnivorous, cnidocytes: stinging cells, gastrovascular cavity.
Forms: polyp (tentacles upward) and Medusa (tentacles downward)
ie: jellyfish, corals, sea anemones
76
Cambiran Explosion reason:
More predators/defenses, developed vision, higher oxygen levels, hox genes
77
Platyhelminth
Marine, freshwater, or parasitic. Flattened body, no coelom, gas exchange directly. ie: flat works, flukes, tapeworms
78
Turbellaria
Predators or scavengers. Mouth in mid-body. Ladder-like nerve cords. Simple brain/eyes. Asexual/sexual reproduction. Can regenerate. Hermaphrodites.
79
Trematoda (Flukes)
Parasites of mollusks and vertebrates. Min 2 hosts. Primary is vertebrates for sexual reproduction. Secondary is snails for asexual reproduction.
80
Cestoda (Tapeworms)
All parasitic. Tough outer layer to protect against hosts' digestive enzymes.
Suckers and hooks attach to the intestines. Absorbs nutrients. Produce large number of offsprings.
81
Mollusks
2nd largest group. Marine, freshwater, and terrestrial. Soft, some have shells. ie: squids, octopuses, clams, oysters, snails
82
Mantle
Shells: Secretes calcium here. Protects organs.
83
Foot (mollusk)
Muscular locomotion
84
Visceral mass (mollusk)
Digestive, circulatory (insides!)
85
Radula (Mollusk)
Tongue with chitin teeth
86
Chitons (Mollusk)
Marine.
Rocky surfaces in tidal zones.
Eight shingle-like shells.
Eat algae, barnacles...
Use a radula to scrape for food.
Can roll up into a ball.
87
Bivalves (Mollusk)
Marine/freshwater.
Buried in sediment
Mostly doesn't move, but can swim by squirting water.
Two-part shell.
Lack of many organs.
Filer feeds
External fertilization
ie: oysters, clams, scallops....
88
Gastropods (Mollusk)
Most of the mollusks
Everywhere.
Rotating visceral mass to balance shell, foot to crawl.
Terrestrial use courtship, love darts (Hermaphrodites)
ie: snails, slugs
89
Cephalopods (Mollusk)
Marine habitats.
Complex eyes and brains
Internal shell or absent
External fertilization. (except octopodes)
ie: octopodes, squids, cuttlefish, nautiluses, vampire squid
Largest invertebrate is the colossal squid.
90
Annelids
Everywhere.
Segmented bodies with the same sets of organs.
Gas exchange through skin, the surface must be moist
Move with muscular rings and skeleton.
Saddle-like thickening near head.
Protects eggs with coccoon.
ie: earthworms, leeches, polychaetes
91
Oligochaeta (Annelids)
Earthworms plus some aquatic worms.
Eat soil, and digest organic material.
Important for aeration of the soil.
Bristles on body segments for locomotion.
Mostly hermaphrodites.
Sexual reproduction. Asexual by fragmentation.
92
Hirudinea (Annelids)
Leeches
Mostly freshwater
Parasitic or predatory
Muscular body, reduce coelom
Suckers
Such vertebrate blood
Hermaphrodites
93
Polychaetes (Annelids)
Mostly marine
Many bristles
Parapodia: Paddle-like appendages for locomotion/respiration
Head better developed
Iridescent or luminescent
Separate sexes and external fertilization
Epitoky- Sexual segments grow, break off
94
Echinoderma
"Spiny Skin"
All marine
5 arms/regions
Mouth/Anus
Circular and longitudinal muscles
Internal skeleton
Nervous system from the center out
Water-vascular system
External fertilization, asexual regeneration, no dimorphism
Larvae are bilaterally symmetrical, adults are radial
Examples: sea Lillies, brittle star, sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers
95
Podia
Tube feet for locomotion and respiration
96
Crinoidea (Sea Lilies/Feather Stars)
Fossils look very similar to current species
Both openings on the oral side
The oral surface is lined with 5 bursal sacs, cilia lined for excretion and gas exchange
Suspension feeders
Sea lilies are sessile, feather stars are free living
97
Ophiuroidea (Brittle Stars)
Found in deep waters
Much longer than sea stars
No suckers on podia (they don't move)
Protective spines
Suspension feeders, scavengers, predators
98
Asteroidea (Sea Stars)
In sea beds
5 arms, but can get up to 15 arms
Open grooves
Podia with suckers
Predatory or scavengers
Automize arms for escape (can regenerate as long as the central disk is included)
99
Holothuroidea
No spines, little no internal skeleton
No arms
5 rows of podia
Often immobile, some crawl with podia
Circle of oral tentacles around the mouth
Respiration through anal gills
Discharges sticky threads to ensare enemies
Some expel internal organs
100
Urochordata/Tunicata
Flexible body covering, serves as an exoskeleton.
Marine
Sessile filter feeders
Adults look like a bag with two siphons
Larvae are free-swimming, resembling a tadpole
Not segmented
Only keep slits
101
Cephalochordata
Lancelet
Looks like small, eyeless fish with translucent bodies
Shallow seas in the tropics
Buried in sediment, tail first
Blood
Oxygen through skin
External fertilization, larvae look like tiny fish
Has all 4 chordate traits
102
Agnatha (Jawless fish)
Myxini (Hagfishes)-
Cold oceans, predators and scavengers.
Cartilage cranium
Have rudimentary vertebrae
Produce slime, and can knot themselves
Hyperoartia(Lampreys)-
Marine and freshwater
Predators, can use suckers to suck blood from fish
Developed vertebrae
103
Chondrichthyes
Chimaeras and sharks, skates, rays
Skeletons for cartilage
No gill cover (slits)
No swimbladder
Placoid scales
104
Actinopterygii (Ray finned fishes)
96% of fish
Operculum (gill cover)
Swim bladder that adjusts buoyancy
Fan-shaped fins made with slender bony spins with thin skin webs
105
Sarcopterygii (Lobe Finned Fish)
Coelacanths-
"Living fossils"
West Indian Ocean, Indonesia
Lungfishes-
Swim bladder evolved to be lung-like.
Freshwater, Omnivores
Widely distributed in Triassic, most went extinct
Survive sought by burrowing in mud
Tetrapoda
106
What makes you terrestrial?
Lungs
Limbs, stronger limb girdles
Modified sensory organs
Mobile neck
Desiccation resistant skin
Water independent reproduction
107
Amphibia
Terrestrial and freshwater
Lungs as adults, gills as larvae
Smooth and gland-rich skin (moist for gas exchange)
Improved lungs and circulatory system
Depend on the water for reproduction
Ectothermic
108
Gymnophiona (Caecilians)
No limbs, annulated body
Carnivorous
Fossorial, ossified skull to dig
No (or short) tails
Internal fertilization
Brood care, mothers create a nutritious outer skin layer the young feed on
109
Newts and Salamanders
Diversity hotspot in Appalachians
Most Holarctic, some neotropical
Carnivorous
Well-developed limbs, long tail, distinct head
Live near water, free swimming larvae
Internal fertilization
Can regenerate lost limbs
110
Anura (Frogs and Toads)
88% of amphibians
Nearly global distribution
Mainly carnivorous (some omnivores)
Tailless, no neck
Heavily modified skeleton for jumping
111
Echinoidea (Sea Urchins, Sand Dollars)
All ocean, all depths
Skeletal plates fused
Movable spines
No arms, 5 rows of podia
Scrape algae off rocks
Aristotle's lantern: feeding apparatus, 5 calcium teeth with fleshy tongue
112
Teleostei
Marine and freshwater
Multiple evolutions of electricity and projectile mouth
113
Amniota
Amniotic Egg
Amnion: Membrane surrounding embryo
Allantois: Membrane sac helps with gas exchange and waste
Chorion: outermost membrane
Allows to breed on land
Yolk nourishes embryo
114
Reptilia
Dominated terrestrial life during Mesozoic until Cretaceous
Birds included
Keratin scales
Internal fertilization/Amniotic
Greater lung capacity and efficient circulation
115
Lepidosauropmorpha
Teeth loosely attached in bones
Paired copulatory organs
Transverse cloacal slit
Regular cycles of ecdysis
116
Squamata
Movable upper jaw
Ectothermic
Predator avoidant
Lizards-
Elongated body, distinct neck
long tail
external ear opening
movable eyelids
Snakes-
Elongate, limbless lizards
No external ear opening
no movable eyelids
Mostly non-venomous
117
Archosauria
Turtles, Crocodylia, Aves
Skill window anterior to eye socket
118
Turtles and Tortoises
Marine, freshwater, terrestrial
Global except coldest areas
Opportunistic omnivores
Boney shell (Fused to vertebrae and ribs, outer surface covered in keratin scales)
Temperature-dependent sex determination.
Breathe through their cloaca
119
Crocodylia
Semiaquatic predators
Lowland tropics
Four-chambered heart
Long muscular tail to swim
Ostoderms, bony plates lining skin
Brood care
120
Aves
Worldwide, various niches
Adapted for powered flight:
Feathers
Hollow bones
No teeth (just bill)
Keeled sternum for flight muscles
Fused clavicle
Endothermy, high metabolic rate
Unidirectional respiratory system and air sacs
121
Mammalia
Synapsid skull
Only one lower jaw bone
4 chambered heart
Diaphragm
Radiated after extinction of dinosaurs
Mammary glands to produce milk
waterproof, keratin skin with hair
endothermic
3 inner ear bones
Different types of teeth
122
Monotremata
Australia and new guinea
Platypus-
Electroreception
venomous during the breeding season
and Echidnas
Cloaca
Amniotic eggs
Milk secreting pores
123
Marsupialia
70% in Australia and 30% in South and Central America, opossum in NA
Live-bearing
Immature young crawls to marsupium
124
Placentalia
Worldwide
Young develop in the uterus
Placenta: Connects circulatory systems of mother and fetus. Nourishes and removes waste
Rodents/Bats most of species
Some in water (Cetaceans, manatees, otters, seal, beavers, hippos...)
125
Afrotheria
Hyrax, Elephant, Manatee, Aardvark (weird group)
126
Xenarthra
Armadillos, Sloths, Anteaters
Xenarthrous process- strongly connected vertebra
127
Laurasiatheria
Bats, Pangolins, Moles, Hedgehogs
Carnivorans: Dogs, Cats, Bears, Otters Seals
Horse, Tapir, Rhinoceros
Camels, pigs, hippos, whales
