Biology II Test 3 (Dr. Wright) Flashcards
Primary Producers
Photoautotrophs and Chemo-
Consumers
Primary, Secondary, etc. (Omnivores)
Decomposers
Bacteria, Fungi
Gross Primary Production (GPP)
Total amount of energy captured by producers
Net Primary Production (NPP)
GPP - Respiration (what can essentially be eatedn by consumers)
Secondary Production
Biomass growth in consumer
What is true about warmer ecosystems’ rate of decomposition?
It is higher!
What is true about the rate of decomposition in cold/wet ecosystems?
It is slower! Matter can be stored and has to be taken up from upwelling. (For a long time!)
Water Cycle Processes and Reservoirs
Evaporation, Condensation, Precipitation, Transpiration, Runoff.
Oceans, Ice, Freshwater
Carbon Cycle Processes and Reservoirs
Respiration, Photosynthesis, Burning, Volcanic Activity, Decomposition.
Fossil Fuels, Rocks, Ocean, Soils, Atmosphere
Nitrogen Cycle Processes and Reservoirs
Fixation (Lightning, Volcanos, Bacteria), Nitrification, Denitrification, Haber-Bosh, Runoff
Ammonium, Nitrate, Amino Acids, Free N2.
Phosphorus Cycle Processes and Reservoirs
Weathering, blowing as dust, runoff, plant uptake, decomposition.
Phosphate, marine rocks, soil, ocean, organisms
Capsule/Slime layer
Cell Wall lined with layer of polysaccharide or protein
Endospores
Resistant Cells, no water inside, copy of chromosome encased in multilayered structure, dormant
Fimbraie
Hair like appendages, attach to a substrate
Exaptation
A trait taken on by an organism that differs from the original function derived by evolution
Autotrophs
Only need CO2 or other carbon compounds
Heterotrophs
Need organic nutrient
Obligate aerobes
Need O2 (Celular Respiration)
Obligate anaerobes
Are poisoned!! Fermentation, anaerobic respiration.
Facultative Anaerobes
Can switch if they use oxygen or not
How do Prokaryotes reproduce?
Binary Fission
Transformation
Uptake of foreign DNA, integration of homologous alleles
Transduction
Bacteriophages can carry genes between hosts, can be integrated in own DNA.
Conjugation
One-way transfer of DNA. Donor connects via pilus. Retracts to pull them together, transfers DNA to the recipient.
F factor
Several genes that enable conjugation
Plasmid
Small circular bits of DNA
Proteobacteria
Diverse clade, gram-negative, 5 subgroups: Alpha, Beta, Delta…
Alpha
Close with the eukaryotic host. Mitochondria might be descendants of this. Example: “Rhizobium” in legume roots, “Agrobacterium” creating plant tumors.
Beta
Nutritionally diverse, wide range of aquatic species. Examples: “Nitrosomonas”- nitrification, “Rubrivivax,” “Neisseria Gonorrhoeae”
Gamma
Most diverse in shape, size, form, etc. Many symbionts. “Thiomargarita namibiensis” largest bacterium visible to the eye! Pathogens: Yersinia Pestis, Vibrio Cholerae, E. Coli, Salmonella
Delta
Myxobacteria- congregate to the fruiting body when food is scarce or soil is dry, releasing resistant myxospores. Bdellovibrios- charge at other bacteria, attach to surface molecules, and drill in with digestive enzymes.
Epsilon
Most of the pathogens. Example: Campylobactor- blood poisoning. Helicobacter pylori- stomach ulcers.
Chlamydias
Parasites. Only viable within animal cells. Gram-negative. Cell walls lack peptidoglycan. Chlamydia trachomatis- common cause of blindness
Spirochetes
Helical- spiral around using rotating internal filaments, gram-negative, heterotrophs, many free living/pathogens. Examples: treponema pallidum- syphillus. Lyme disease
Cyanobacteria
Gram-negative, photoautotrophs, chloroplasts possibly former cyanobacteria, some are N-fixers
Gram-positive
Much diversity, mostly free-living decomposers. Examples: streptomycin, Mycoplasmas- only known bacteria w/o cell wall, smallest bacteria. Lots of pathogens still.
Archaea
Extreme halophiles
Thermophiles
Hot environment, Pyrococcus furiosus- geothermal marine sediments, Sulfolobus- volcanic springs
Crenarchaeota
Most thermophiles, some in non-extreme environments, TACK supergroup
Cuticle
Waxy covering on surface to seal in water
Stomata
Specialized cells to regulate water loss during photosythesis
Challenges to Ancestor Plants:
Water availability and loss/Gravity and structural support
Alteration of Generations
Two different life stages: Gametophyte (Haploid) and Sporophyte (Diploid). BOTH multicellular
Xylem
Water and mineral transport one way, dead cells form the tube
Phloem
Organic molecules (sugars)
Fungi
Heterotrophic, takes nutrients up by absorption, stores carbohydrates as glycogen (like us!), mostly multicellular, reproduce by spores
Cell walls of Fungi are made of:
Chitin
Hyphae
Tubular cells forming networks
Mycelium
Interwoven mass of hyphae