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C/O 2027 > Biology final review > Flashcards

Biology final review Flashcards

Study for the biology final

1
Q

Nucleotide

A

Form the basic structure unit of nucleic acids such as DNA.
Made up of phosphate group, pentose sugar, nitrogenous base.

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2
Q

Base pairing

A

A to T and G to C; RNA: A to U and G to C

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3
Q

Replication

A

Process by which double-stranded DNA molecule is copied to produce two identical molecules

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4
Q

Transcription

A

Process of copying out the DNA sequence of a gene in the similar alphabet of RNA

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5
Q

Translation

A

In ribosomes of the cytoplasm, process of translating the sequence of mRNA molecule to a sequence

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6
Q

Codon

A

Sequence of 3 DNA or RNA nucleotides

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7
Q

Mutation

A

A change in DNA sequence of an organism

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8
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid, double helix, ATGC

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9
Q

RNA

A

Ribonucleic acid, single stranded, AUGC

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10
Q

Protein

A

Molecule made up of amino acids. Basis of body structures

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11
Q

Where does mRNA go after its made in transcription

A

Cytoplasm

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12
Q

Which organelle makes proteins?

A

Ribosomes

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13
Q

What are some possible causes of mutations?

A

Damaging effects of mutagen, chemicals, radiation.

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14
Q

Heredity

A

What gets passed down from parents

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15
Q

Dominant

A

Uppercase alleles: Rr or RR

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16
Q

Recessive

A

Lowercase alleles: rr

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17
Q

Homozygous

A

Same alleles: RR or rr

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18
Q

Heterozygous

A

Different alleles: Rr

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19
Q

Independent Assortment

A

Describes how different genes independently separate from one another when reproductive cells develop

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20
Q

Punnett Square

A

Predicts offspring traits of a particular cross or breeding experiment

21
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic makeup of organism

22
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical characteristic determined by genotype

23
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

When offspring is a mix of both parents: red + white= pink

24
Q

Codominance

A

When each contribute to offspring: red + white= red & white

25
Q

Meiosis

A

Reproduction of sex cells. Prophase l, metaphase l, anaphase l, telephase l, then repeated.

26
Q

Gamete

A

Reproductive cell of an animal or plant. Female are called egg cells and male are called sperms.

27
Q

What is a X-linked trait? How are they passed?

A

A way a genetic trait is passed down from parent to child through mutations on the X chromosome

28
Q

Alleles for blood types

A

A, B, O

29
Q

Mitosis

A

When cell replicates: Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.

30
Q

Crossing over

A

Occurs during prophase l, when mom and dad chromosomes line up and some parts get switched.

31
Q

Diploid Vs. Haploid

A

Haploid: one set of chromosomes formed by meiosis

Diploid: two sets of chromosomes formed by mitosis

32
Q

Amount of human chromosomes

A

46 chromosomes; 23 pairs

33
Q

Natural Selection

A

Evolving over time, giving offspring characteristics to help them sruvive

34
Q

Artificial selection

A

Humans choose characteristics they like and breed wanted organism characteristics together

35
Q

Fitness

A

Ability to reproduce and survive; ability to pass genetic information to each other

36
Q

Adaptation

A

Organisms that adjust to their environments

37
Q

Variation

A

Difference among organisms

38
Q

Survival of the fittest

A

Organisms that survive and reproduce will avoid extinction

39
Q

Descent with modification

A

Organisms change over time

40
Q

Homologous strucutre

A

Same strucutre different function

41
Q

Transitional fossils

A

Fossils that show changes over time

42
Q

Vestigial organ

A

Organ organisms have that aren’t useful

43
Q

Embryology

A

The study of embryos and their development

44
Q

Genetic Drift

A

The change in frequency of an existing gene variant in the population due to random chance.

45
Q

Population

A

Inhabitants in an area

46
Q

Darwin’s theory of common descent

A

All organisms can trace their descent to a common ancestor.

47
Q

Theory of evolution

A

Life changes over time.

48
Q

How do fossils form?

A

Remains of organisms are layered by sedimentary layers

49
Q

Analogous structures

A

Different strucutre same function. Whale, penguin, shark fins.

C/O 2027 (4 decks)

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