Biology final review Flashcards
Study for the biology final
Nucleotide
Form the basic structure unit of nucleic acids such as DNA.
Made up of phosphate group, pentose sugar, nitrogenous base.
Base pairing
A to T and G to C; RNA: A to U and G to C
Replication
Process by which double-stranded DNA molecule is copied to produce two identical molecules
Transcription
Process of copying out the DNA sequence of a gene in the similar alphabet of RNA
Translation
In ribosomes of the cytoplasm, process of translating the sequence of mRNA molecule to a sequence
Codon
Sequence of 3 DNA or RNA nucleotides
Mutation
A change in DNA sequence of an organism
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid, double helix, ATGC
RNA
Ribonucleic acid, single stranded, AUGC
Protein
Molecule made up of amino acids. Basis of body structures
Where does mRNA go after its made in transcription
Cytoplasm
Which organelle makes proteins?
Ribosomes
What are some possible causes of mutations?
Damaging effects of mutagen, chemicals, radiation.
Heredity
What gets passed down from parents
Dominant
Uppercase alleles: Rr or RR
Recessive
Lowercase alleles: rr
Homozygous
Same alleles: RR or rr
Heterozygous
Different alleles: Rr
Independent Assortment
Describes how different genes independently separate from one another when reproductive cells develop
Punnett Square
Predicts offspring traits of a particular cross or breeding experiment
Genotype
Genetic makeup of organism
Phenotype
Physical characteristic determined by genotype
Incomplete Dominance
When offspring is a mix of both parents: red + white= pink
Codominance
When each contribute to offspring: red + white= red & white
Meiosis
Reproduction of sex cells. Prophase l, metaphase l, anaphase l, telephase l, then repeated.
Gamete
Reproductive cell of an animal or plant. Female are called egg cells and male are called sperms.
What is a X-linked trait? How are they passed?
A way a genetic trait is passed down from parent to child through mutations on the X chromosome
Alleles for blood types
A, B, O
Mitosis
When cell replicates: Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.
Crossing over
Occurs during prophase l, when mom and dad chromosomes line up and some parts get switched.
Diploid Vs. Haploid
Haploid: one set of chromosomes formed by meiosis
Diploid: two sets of chromosomes formed by mitosis
Amount of human chromosomes
46 chromosomes; 23 pairs
Natural Selection
Evolving over time, giving offspring characteristics to help them sruvive
Artificial selection
Humans choose characteristics they like and breed wanted organism characteristics together
Fitness
Ability to reproduce and survive; ability to pass genetic information to each other
Adaptation
Organisms that adjust to their environments
Variation
Difference among organisms
Survival of the fittest
Organisms that survive and reproduce will avoid extinction
Descent with modification
Organisms change over time
Homologous strucutre
Same strucutre different function
Transitional fossils
Fossils that show changes over time
Vestigial organ
Organ organisms have that aren’t useful
Embryology
The study of embryos and their development
Genetic Drift
The change in frequency of an existing gene variant in the population due to random chance.
Population
Inhabitants in an area
Darwin’s theory of common descent
All organisms can trace their descent to a common ancestor.
Theory of evolution
Life changes over time.
How do fossils form?
Remains of organisms are layered by sedimentary layers
Analogous structures
Different strucutre same function. Whale, penguin, shark fins.
