biology final Flashcards
Muscle contraction
Actin and myosin filaments slide past each other
- The release of calcium ions causes a molecule complex (troponin/ tropomyosin) to be removed from binding sites on actin filaments
- ATP powers the ability of myosin heads to bind actin and cause the filaments to slide past each other
Muscle fiber types (Slow twitch)
endurance excercise
- Aerobic
-Good capillary supply to provide O2 and biomolecules
- Myoglobin is a respiratory pigment that causes dark color
Muscle fiber types (Fast twitch)
Power excercise
- Anaerobic
- Relies on stored glycogen
Sensory receptor types
Mechanical receptors: pressure, vibrations,etc..
Chemoreceptors: chemicals
Electromagnetic receptors: Light,etc…
Types of mechanoreceptor based senses:
-pain
- touch
- pressure
- temperature (thermoreceptors)
- hearing: picking up vibrations in the air
- Balance
- gravity/ acceleration
- Proprioception: senses of limb position
Statocyst
A structure in some invertebrates that is a fluid-filled sac lined with cilia that detect the pressure of a small crystal (statolith)
Hearing
Detects vibrations
- pinna or other structures may help gather airbourne sounds
Tympanum (eardrum)
+1 or more inner ear bones transmit sounds to the cochlea
- cochlea is lined with cilia-based mechanoreceptors
- balance/ acceleration
- detected by vestibular apparatus and semicircular canals
- contain tiny crystals detected by mechanoreceptors
Chemoreceptor
smell- detection of airbourne (volatized) chemicals
Taste: Detection of dissolved chemicals (in saliva)
Vomeronasal organ: used to detect pheromones (such as from rivals, potential mates or pray)
Balance/Acceleration
detected by vestibular apparatus and semicircular canals (allows you to view in 3d)
- they contain tiny crystals picked up by mechanoreceptors
Mating Behaviors
explained through sexual selection (type of natural selection that creates differences between males and females)
Sexual dimorphism
males and females of many species are different in morphology
- includes things like color (males usually most colorful), body size (females usually larger, mating behaviors)
Differences in mating behaviors (male-male competition)
males spend much of time fighting and defending resources while trying to attract females
Differences in mating behaviors (female choice)
females usually determine which male they will mate with
females choose males based on
- Potential resources
- Indicator traits (handicap traits) that signal the males potential quality
- these are typically bad for a males long term survival
Life history
study of tradeoffs in how animals make decisions about how many offspring to have or whether to provide parental care
Monogamy
having just 1 mate
- beneficial including more parental care by males
- cost is potentially fewer offspring
Polygamy
Having many different mates (usually one male monopolizes many females)
- Beneficial in terms of maximizing the number and diversity of male offspring
- cost is lack of parental care by means
Fewer v offspring
- some animals have many offspring with little parental care - other animals with more parental care have fewer offspring but offspring survive longer
Iteroparity v. Semeloparity
Can reproduce many times during lifespan (perennials)
- Allows animals to reproduce across different breeding seasons
- can have lots of offspring since energy not held back for bodily maintenance
- Reproduce once and then die (animals)
Altruism
behaviors that help others at own expense
Symbioses
close, often long-term interactions between species benefits, the other is unaffected
Paratism
one species benefits, the other is unaffected
Mutualism
Both species benefit
Biodiversity
Number of species in a community
- the higher the biodiversity, the more stable the community
Types of species that influence biodiversity: (foundation species)
increase biodiversity by adding new niches
Types of species that influence biodiversity: (dominant species)
decreases biodiversity by over-using resources
Types of species that influence biodiversity: (Keystone species)
increases biodiversity, predator that keeps herbivores from overeating the producers
Succession
change in species composition overtime in a community
- these changes are triggered by disturbance
Primary
After very strong disturbance starts with few species and resources for them
Secondary
result of a milder disturbance
Trophic levels
energy enters ecosystems in the form of sunlight
- Some of that energy is transformed into carbohydrate energy by producers through photosynthesis
Bioaccumulation and biomagnification
- certain types of toxic chemicals are stored in animal fatty tissue (bioaccumulation)
- as consumers eat these organisms, they become more concentrated at higher trophic levels (biomagnification)
Nervous system
use a network of specialized cells (neurons) to transmit rapid electrochemical messages
Nervous system facts
- many neurons are directly connected to eachother
- axon produces neurotransmitters that cross the synapse and are detected by receptors on a neighboring dendrite
- Within a neuron, the electrical signal (action potential) moves along the axon due to differences in sodium and potassium ion concentration
Muscles
Actin and myosin filaments slide past eachother
- the release of calcium ions causes a molecule complex (troponin/tropomyosin) to be removed from binding sites on actin filaments
- ATP powers the ability of myosin heads to bind actin and cause the filaments to slide past each other
Types of eyes
Compound: present in many invertebrates
- Has many seperately focusing lenses covering its surface
Complex focusing: Has a single internal lens
Choroid
In many vertebrates, it is dark and non-reflective to absorb excess light
- Active during the day/bright environment
- In others, it is reflective to stimulate photoreceptors
- active during the night/dark environments
Photoreceptor types
-rods: light/dark
-cones: color vision
Dichromatic: 2 cone types (blues and yellows)
Trichromatic: 3 cone types (adds reds and greens)
Tetrachromatic: 4 cone types
Infared vision
animals such as certain snakes have heat-sensitive photoreceptors to track endothermic prey
Bioelectric field detection
use by aquatic animals to detect prey items
magnetic field detection
Perceive magnetic field of earth for long-distance migration
Types of behaviors
migratory- animals moving from place to place
- Looking for more resources and food
- looking for better climate
- looking for more mates