biology exam III Flashcards
mold
commonly used term for the exposed mycelium of a fungus
Mycorrhizae
mutualistic relationship between plants, roots and fungi
-Fungus absorbs carbohydrates from plants but adds surface areas to roots for absorption.
yeast
A single-celled fungus adapted to life in moist environments
-Many species important in baking, pickling and making alcohol
Lichen
fungus with algae partners
-Fungus gets carbs from algae, while algae get nice greenhouse environment for photosynthesis
Slime molds
relative of fungus and animals
-Can exist in giant single-celled forms (plasmodial) or other species are small single cells that temporarily join together to form a multicellular body to reproduce
Characteristics of animals:
-No cell walls (have extracellular matrix)
-Glycogen as carbohydrate energy molecule
-Heterotrophic (internal digestion)
-Blastula developmental stage
-Multicellular
-Mobile in at least 1 life stage
-collagen
Phylum Porifera- Sponges
-Considered animals since they are, multicellular and have specialized cell types
Choanoflagellate
-Not multicellular, single-celled, sometimes form colonies
-Cells can function independently, compared to multicellular organisms where cells are dependent on each other and specialized for different functions
-Are not animals, but are the closest living (protists) group to the animals
Choanocyte
Perform suspension feeding
Phylum Cnidaria
-Characterized by stinging cells
-Passive or active predators
-Have organized tissue
-include muscle and nervous tissues
Ecdysozoa
Have an exoskeleton that is periodically shed as they grow
Phylum Arthropoda
-Have hard exoskeleton divided into regions (head thorax abdomens)
-Many types of jointed appendages (antennae, legs, mandibles,etc)
Phylum Nematoda
-Roundworms- many are free-living, but others are important endpoarasites with complex life cycles
Deuterostome diversity;
-Phylum Echnodermata:
-Larvae are bilaterally symmetrical adults
-Have water- vascular system connected to tube feet for locomotion and gripping
Phylum chordata
share 4 characteristics in development (which may be heavily modified or lost in many chordates)
-Pharyngeal slits/ pouches ( Modified into things like gill arches, jaw bones, inner ear bones )
-Post-anal tail ( lost in many)
-Dorsal hollow nerve cord (usually filled into be solid)
-Notochord (may be replaced by vertebrae, notochord turns into two disks)
Inner chordates
lack vertebrae
Subphylum Cephalochordata
-Lancelets
-Retain ancestral chordate features
Subphylum urochordata
-Sea squirts
-Have 4 chordate characteristics as larvae, but only retain pharyngeal slits as adults for suspension feeding
“Fish”
-Found in subphylum vertebrae ( most have vertebrae and cranium)
Agnatha
-Jawless fish
-Hagfish and lampreys
Gnathostomata
Jawed vertebrates
-Jaws enable much better predatory ability
Chondrichthyes
cartilaginous fish
-Sharks and rays
Osteichthyes
Bony fish
Sarcopterygii
lobe finned fish
-Closest living relatives of land vertebrates (Tetrapods)
-Muscular paired fins
Sarcopterygii
lobe finned fish
-Closest living relatives of land vertebrates (Tetrapods)
-Muscular paired fins
Tetrapods
Land vertebrates with 4 limbs
Amphibia
frogs and salamanders
-Moist eggs without hard shells
-Moist, glandular skin
Amniotes
Tetrapods without shelled eggs that have a complex internal membrane system
Mammalia
Have hair, provide milk to young
-Most now do live birth
Lepidosauria (squamata)
snakes and lizards
Archosauria
crocodilians, turtles, dinosaurs/birds
Basic animal development:
Goes from: zygote, to morula (solid ball of cells), blastula (hollow made of blastocoels), gastrula (endoderm, ectoderm, archenteron (forms gut), mesoderm) look at diagram
How do protostomes and deuterostomes differ
according to which ends of embryo become mouth and anus and mesoderm forms differently
Protostomes phyla:
-Flatworms
-Acoelomate since most are small and flathead, some parasitic
-Most species are freeliving and are scavengers or predators (invasive)
-Others are parasites (tapeworms, flukes)
-Parasites are highly simplified, with most body space used for reproductive organs
-Parasitic species usually have complicated life cycles involving multiple hosts
-These hosts increase variety of resources and dispersal opportunities
Phylum Annelida
-Segmentation creates compartments for hydrostatic skeleton, may help against damage
-Most are marine, range from being predatory to suspension feeding
-Also includes earthworms (deposit feeding) and leeches (ectoparasites, predators)
Phylum Cnidaria
-jellyfish, sea anennones, coral
-Characterized by stinging cells
-Passive or active predators
-Have organized tissues
-Includes muscle and nervous tissue
Symmetry
A symmetrical - typical of animals that are not mobile and are suspension feeders (porifera) ex. Sponge
Radial
multiple planes of symmetry through a central point
-Passive predator
-Can respond to environment in multiply directions
(cnidaria,echinodermata)
Symmetrycont.
-Bilateral: have equal right and left sides
-Cephalized (have head end with brain and sensory organs)
-Actively move through environment in search of food
tissues
Diploblastic: 2 tissue layers (endoderm and ectoderm)
Tripoblastic= 3 tissue layers (endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm)
All other animals
