biology exam III

Question 1

mold

Answer 1

commonly used term for the exposed mycelium of a fungus

Question 2

Mycorrhizae

Answer 2

mutualistic relationship between plants, roots and fungi
-Fungus absorbs carbohydrates from plants but adds surface areas to roots for absorption.

Question 3

yeast

Answer 3

A single-celled fungus adapted to life in moist environments
-Many species important in baking, pickling and making alcohol

Question 4

Lichen

Answer 4

fungus with algae partners
-Fungus gets carbs from algae, while algae get nice greenhouse environment for photosynthesis

Question 5

Slime molds

Answer 5

relative of fungus and animals
-Can exist in giant single-celled forms (plasmodial) or other species are small single cells that temporarily join together to form a multicellular body to reproduce

Question 6

Characteristics of animals:

Answer 6

-No cell walls (have extracellular matrix)
-Glycogen as carbohydrate energy molecule
-Heterotrophic (internal digestion)
-Blastula developmental stage
-Multicellular
-Mobile in at least 1 life stage
-collagen

Question 7

Phylum Porifera- Sponges

Answer 7

-Considered animals since they are, multicellular and have specialized cell types

Question 8

Choanoflagellate

Answer 8

-Not multicellular, single-celled, sometimes form colonies
-Cells can function independently, compared to multicellular organisms where cells are dependent on each other and specialized for different functions
-Are not animals, but are the closest living (protists) group to the animals

Question 9

Choanocyte

Answer 9

Perform suspension feeding

Question 10

Phylum Cnidaria

Answer 10

-Characterized by stinging cells
-Passive or active predators
-Have organized tissue
-include muscle and nervous tissues

Question 11

Ecdysozoa

Answer 11

Have an exoskeleton that is periodically shed as they grow

Question 12

Phylum Arthropoda

Answer 12

-Have hard exoskeleton divided into regions (head thorax abdomens)
-Many types of jointed appendages (antennae, legs, mandibles,etc)

Question 13

Phylum Nematoda

Answer 13

-Roundworms- many are free-living, but others are important endpoarasites with complex life cycles

Question 14

Deuterostome diversity;

Answer 14

-Phylum Echnodermata:
-Larvae are bilaterally symmetrical adults
-Have water- vascular system connected to tube feet for locomotion and gripping

Question 15

Phylum chordata

Answer 15

share 4 characteristics in development (which may be heavily modified or lost in many chordates)
-Pharyngeal slits/ pouches ( Modified into things like gill arches, jaw bones, inner ear bones )
-Post-anal tail ( lost in many)
-Dorsal hollow nerve cord (usually filled into be solid)
-Notochord (may be replaced by vertebrae, notochord turns into two disks)

Question 16

Inner chordates

Answer 16

lack vertebrae

Question 17

Subphylum Cephalochordata

Answer 17

-Lancelets
-Retain ancestral chordate features

Question 18

Subphylum urochordata

Answer 18

-Sea squirts
-Have 4 chordate characteristics as larvae, but only retain pharyngeal slits as adults for suspension feeding

Question 19

“Fish”

Answer 19

-Found in subphylum vertebrae ( most have vertebrae and cranium)

Question 20

Agnatha

Answer 20

-Jawless fish
-Hagfish and lampreys

Question 21

Gnathostomata

Answer 21

Jawed vertebrates
-Jaws enable much better predatory ability

Question 22

Chondrichthyes

Answer 22

cartilaginous fish
-Sharks and rays

Question 23

Osteichthyes

Answer 23

Bony fish

Question 24

Sarcopterygii

Answer 24

lobe finned fish
-Closest living relatives of land vertebrates (Tetrapods)
-Muscular paired fins

Question 25

Sarcopterygii

Answer 25

lobe finned fish
-Closest living relatives of land vertebrates (Tetrapods)
-Muscular paired fins

Question 26

Tetrapods

Answer 26

Land vertebrates with 4 limbs

Question 27

Amphibia

Answer 27

frogs and salamanders
-Moist eggs without hard shells
-Moist, glandular skin

Question 28

Amniotes

Answer 28

Tetrapods without shelled eggs that have a complex internal membrane system

Question 29

Mammalia

Answer 29

Have hair, provide milk to young
-Most now do live birth

Question 30

Lepidosauria (squamata)

Answer 30

snakes and lizards

Question 31

Archosauria

Answer 31

crocodilians, turtles, dinosaurs/birds

Question 32

Basic animal development:

Answer 32

Goes from: zygote, to morula (solid ball of cells), blastula (hollow made of blastocoels), gastrula (endoderm, ectoderm, archenteron (forms gut), mesoderm) look at diagram

Question 33

How do protostomes and deuterostomes differ

Answer 33

according to which ends of embryo become mouth and anus and mesoderm forms differently

Question 34

Protostomes phyla:

Answer 34

-Flatworms
-Acoelomate since most are small and flathead, some parasitic
-Most species are freeliving and are scavengers or predators (invasive)
-Others are parasites (tapeworms, flukes)
-Parasites are highly simplified, with most body space used for reproductive organs
-Parasitic species usually have complicated life cycles involving multiple hosts
-These hosts increase variety of resources and dispersal opportunities

Question 35

Phylum Annelida

Answer 35

-Segmentation creates compartments for hydrostatic skeleton, may help against damage
-Most are marine, range from being predatory to suspension feeding
-Also includes earthworms (deposit feeding) and leeches (ectoparasites, predators)

Question 36

Phylum Cnidaria

Answer 36

-jellyfish, sea anennones, coral
-Characterized by stinging cells
-Passive or active predators
-Have organized tissues
-Includes muscle and nervous tissue

Question 37

Symmetry

Answer 37

A symmetrical - typical of animals that are not mobile and are suspension feeders (porifera) ex. Sponge

Question 38

Radial

Answer 38

multiple planes of symmetry through a central point
-Passive predator
-Can respond to environment in multiply directions
(cnidaria,echinodermata)

Question 39

Symmetrycont.

Answer 39

-Bilateral: have equal right and left sides
-Cephalized (have head end with brain and sensory organs)
-Actively move through environment in search of food

Question 40

tissues

Answer 40

Diploblastic: 2 tissue layers (endoderm and ectoderm)
Tripoblastic= 3 tissue layers (endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm)
All other animals