biology exam IIII Flashcards
Respiratory pigments
increased ability to bind oxygen
Respiratory pigments examples
hemoglobin-iron based
hemocyanin- copper based
blood cells
can increase ability of respiratory pigments inside to bind O2
respiratory surfaces
place where gas exchange (CO2 and CO2) occurs with enviornment
respiratory surfaces examples
gills: aquatic enviornement
lungs: terrestrial enviornment
BOTH must stay moist and must have a large surface area
other surfaces that can be used for gas exchange
skin(if moist)
lining of mouth
anus/colon
tracheal system
series of tubes and sacs in insects that takes O2 directly to cells
circulatory systems
interfere (with both respiratory systems (O2 delivery,CO2 waste) and digestive systems (energy molecule delivery, nitrogenous waste)
- transport of heat absorbed from enviornment
types of circulatory systems
-open system- heart pumps blood directly (hemolymph)into coelem( body cavity)
-closed system- Heart pumps blood through system of vessles (arteries, capillaries, veins)
types of closed circulatory systems (single circuit)
-Single circuit: Blood doesnt return to heart after going to respiratory surface
- typical of animals like fish, and animals with low energy demand, low activity levles, or many ectotherms
types of closed circulatory systems (double circuit)
system with 4-chambered heart is in mammals and birds
- helps pump blood for higher activity levels and body sizes
-typical of endotherms
digestive systems
these interfere with circulatory systems
- they process food items and ultimately pass biomolecules from the food into the circulatory system
mechanical processing
food items are physically broken down into smaller pieces
ex. teeth, crop/gizzard- small sacs in upper digestive tract that may contain rocks that help grind up the food.
chemical processing
uses enzymes and other chemicals to break food particles down further
- depending on the animal, begins in the mouth, and continues through the stomach and small intestine
- many animals secrete bile to help absorb lipids
- some animals use venoms to immobilize prey and predigest it
small intestine
place where biomolecules are absorbed into circulatory system
- length and tiny internal projections maximize surface area
herbivores have longer and more complex intestines than carnivores
-many herbivores’ animals have microorganisms in the digestive tract that perform cellulose digestion
<- rumen(foregut: stomach and small intestine)
<- cecum (rear gut: part of large intestine)
large intestine
elimination of “solid” wastes (undigested matter)
-important habitat for microbes
-some produce important vitamins
- some are cellulose digesters in cecum
- many are benficial in outcompeting potentially harmful organisms
-absorbs water
-interact between microbes and immune and nervous systems
liver and pancreas
- hormones control absorption of glucose from blood by cells performing respiration
- insulin
liver
- is the major site of glycogen storage and a different hormone causes this to be released into the blood as glucose
- glucagon
excretory systems function
main functions are osmoregulation (water and salts) as well as the release of nitrogenous waste from protein metabolism.
excretory system
excretory organs vary in structure across animals (mammals have kidneys consisting of nephrons)
- organ filters water, salts and nitrogenous waste out of blood
- most animals selectively reabsorb most or all of water and salts, releasing mainly the nitrogenous wastes
types of nitrogenous waste
-ammonia: cheap to produce, but toxic, requires a lot of water ex: aquatic animals
- urea: more expensive to make requires less water ex: terrestrial animals
- uric acid: very expensive to make, nontoxic, requires little water ex: desert animals, birds
receptor and signal molecules
signal transduction
communication systems
- Help the cells of animals (communicate with eachother inside a body, or even between other animals)
- cells have receptor molecules that are specific to the shape of certain signal molecules
- appropriately-shaped signal molecule triggers internal signaling inside cell that often triggers production of a protein (signal transduction)
endocrine system
uses signal molecules called hormones that are released by endocine glands into the cirulatory system
pheromones
hormones signaling between animals
endocrine disruption
some pollutants can mimic the chemical structure of hormones such as estrogen
- this can cause intersex individuals, population biased infertility
immune systems
help detect and remove non-self cells and molecules
antigens
surface molecules of cells detected by immune cells
B cells
patrol blood and other areas using receptors to detect antigens of specific infectious organisms
- once detected, B cells produce antibodies that are basically receptors that stick to the foreign organism, immobilizing it and signaling to other immune cells
MHC function
displays antigens from inside cell to T cells which are looking for infected cells
vaccination
primes the immune system in advance with antigens from infectious organisms
allergy
immune response to harmless antigens (allergens)
autoimmune disease
immune system recognizes self-antigens as foreign
nervous system
use a network of specialized cells (neurons) to transmit rapid electrochemical messages
Nervous system facts
- Many neurons are not directly connected to eachother
- axon produces neurotransmitters that cross this gap(synapse) and are detected by receptors on a neighboring dendrite
- within a neuron, the electrical signal ( action potential) moves along an axon due to differences in sodium and potassium ion concentration
