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geography 102 > biology exam #3 > Flashcards

biology exam #3 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is metabolism?

A

the totality of organisms’ chemical reactions. (low = less reactions, high = more Reactions)

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2
Q

what is a metabolic pathway?

A

a series of chemical reactions in a cell that build and breakdown molecules for cellular processes.

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3
Q

what is required for a metabolic pathway to occur?

A

a substrate and enzymes must be present to form a product.

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4
Q

what is an anabolic reaction?

A

a chemical reaction that builds something up.

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5
Q

what is a catabolic reaction?

A

a chemical reaction that breaks something down to release energy?

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6
Q

what is an example of a catabolic reaction?

A

proteins being broken down to release usable energy.

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7
Q

what is an example of an anabolic reaction?

A

a protien being built in order to store energy.

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8
Q

what is the ultimate sorce of energy for most living things on earth?

A

the sun.

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9
Q

how do plant make ATP?

A

cellular respertation.

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10
Q

how do animals gain sugars to make ATP?

A

They eat plants and other animals.

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11
Q

what is energy?

A

the capacity to do work, cause change, or rearange molecules.

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12
Q

what are some types of kinetic energy?

A

Thermal energy: due to random movment of molecules.

Light Energy: can be harnessed by plants via photosynthesis.

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13
Q

what is heat produced from?

A

the transfer of thermal energy.

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14
Q

what are some types of Potential Energy?

A

chemical energy: energy found in chemical bonds.

- also a concentration gradient on one side of a cell membrane is a form.

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15
Q

what are two examples of molecules with high levels of chemical energy?

A

ATP and Glocuse

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16
Q

what is thermodynamics?

A

the study of energy (usually mesured in heat).

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17
Q

what is the first law of energy?

A

energy can not be created or destroyed just transferred.

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18
Q

what happens when energy is transfered?

A

some energy is lost and transforms to heat which is unusable energy.

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19
Q

what is the second law of thermodynamics?

A

energy transfer will always result in a greater amount of disorder in the universe. = ENTROPY

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20
Q

what does the second law of energy mean?

A

It means that the more energy is transferred the less useful it becomes because each time it is transferred some energy is converted to unusable energy heat.

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21
Q

why is order maintained in living things if the second law of thermodynamics is true?

A

living organisms require a constant flow of energy ito maintian order.

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22
Q

what is an exergonic reaction?

A

When a complex, energy rich molecule is broken down into smaller, less energy rich molecules

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23
Q

what happens when a exergonic reaction occures?

A

bonds are broken and energy is released to make ATP

heat is lost so the product holds less usable energy

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24
Q

what is an example of an exergonic reaction?

A

breaking glucose dow into co2 and h2o

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25
Q

what is required for an endergonic reaction?

A

Requires input of FREE energy to build more complex, energy-rich molecules from smaller, less energy rich molecules

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26
Q

give an exapmle of an endergonic reaction?

A

plants need an energy input from the sun in order to turn co2 and h2o into gloclose during photosynthesis.

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27
Q

wha tis energy coupling?

A

Energy coupling occurs when the energy produced by one reaction or system is used to drive another reaction or system.

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28
Q

what is an example of energy coupling?

A

exergonic and endergonic reactions

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29
Q

what are the three types of cellular work done by cells?

A

chemical work: endergonic reactions and anaobolic reations –building polymers from monomers
transport work: moving through membranes –pumps, endocytosis and exocytosis
Mechanical work: moving stuff – muscle contraction, cell division, cilia/flagella

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30
Q

what is Adenosine triphosphate?

A

ATP

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31
Q

why is ATP so important?

A
  • it is the most important energy transfer molecule in our body.
  • provided energy for everything your body dose.
  • it is the final product of the energy harvesting process from food.
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32
Q

why is The triphosphate group in ATP unstable?

A

all three molecules are negativly charged are repelled by each other this men’s it required a lot of energy to put them together.and once broken the bonds will release lots of stored up energy contained in those bonds.

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33
Q

how is ATP broken apart?

A

Atp is broken apart by hydrolysis when water is added so, the ATP is hydrolisised into ATP+Pi

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34
Q

What is ATP composed of?

A
  • triphosphate (3 phosates)
  • 1 ribose sugar
  • 1 adenine
35
Q

what makes an enzyme such a great catalyst?

A
  • they make reactions happen at a moderate temp.
  • brought molecules through metabolical pathways.
  • only allow reactions to happen when they are needed
36
Q

what effects enzyme activity?

A
  • the amount of substraits will increase the rate of reactions until saturation is reached
  • heat can denure an enzyme wich means no more reactions
  • the PH of the enzymes environment.
37
Q

what is entropy?

A

the messurment of dissorder or chaos or unusable energy (heat).

38
Q

what is entropy?

A

the messurment of dissorder or chaos or unusable energy (heat).

39
Q

what is a catalys?

A

something that lowers the activation energy needed.

40
Q

what is saturation of enzymes?

A

the point where the rate of reactions hits the max until more enzymes are created.

41
Q

conpetitive vs non-compeditive inhibitors.

A

competitive inhibitors “race” the substrates to the enzyme in order to block the substrate but non-competitive inhibitors bind to the enzyme changing its shape and so the activsite doesn’t match the substrate anymore.

42
Q

conpetitive vs non-compeditive inhibitors.

A

competitive inhibitors “race” the substrates to the enzyme in order to block the substrate but non-competitive inhibitors bind to the enzyme changing its shape and so the activsite doesn’t match the substrate anymore.

43
Q

what step of making atp make acetyle coA?

A

glycolysis

44
Q

what is eniergy investment and how much is invested in glycolysis?

A

and investment of energy and 2 atp are invested

45
Q

how to bacteria make atp?

A

useing their double plasma membrain

46
Q

in redox reactions what ion is usulay transferred with electrons?

A

hydrogen (H)

47
Q

what is the final electron acceptor is cellular resperation?

A

oxygen (wy you need to breath)

48
Q

what vitamind do NAD and FAD come from?

A

nacian (B3) and riboflavin

49
Q

when dose energy investment happen?

A

glycolysis

50
Q

when does clevage happen?

A

glycolysis

51
Q

when does the production of pyruvate occur?

A

glycolysis

52
Q

when is the most NADH and FADH2 made?

A

krebs cycle

53
Q

when is the most ATP made?

A

energy transport chain

54
Q

when are proton pumps used?

A

energy transport chain

55
Q

when is ATP synthesis used? what does it do?

A

electron transport chian and turn a rotor to make ATP

56
Q

what happens in the cyto pasm or mitocondria?

A

glycolysis

57
Q

what requires oxygen and doesnt require it?

A

everything like pyruvate oxidation kreb cycle and electron transport chain require oxygen the only one that doesn’t is glycolysis

58
Q

what part uses oxaloacetate?

A

krebs cycle

59
Q

what part uses co enzyme-A?

A

glycolysis

60
Q

what is dehydrogenase?

A

catalyzing by the removal of hydrogen molecules

61
Q

what is deamination?

A

the removal of an amino group from an amino acid or other compound.

62
Q

what is beta oxidation?

A

process involving multiple steps by which fatty acid molecules are broken down to produce energy

63
Q

where and what are mesophyll found?

A

cells in the middle of the leaf

64
Q

where does photosynthesis occyr?

A

in the cloroplast in the mesophyll cells

65
Q

what are stomata?

A

pores in the leaf that alow gas exchange like co2 and oxygen

66
Q

what does each chloroplast have?

A

an iner and outer membrane
liquid called stroma
and a network of membranes called thylakoids

67
Q

where is chlorophyll found?

A

a space withing the thlakoids

68
Q

what kind of reaction is photosynthesis?

A

redox

69
Q

what typ of light do chloriphyl a & b absourb?

A

vilot blue and reds and they reflect green

70
Q

what do cartoniods produce?

A

fall colors once the chloryphyll is gone

71
Q

oxygen is made in?

A

photosystem 2

72
Q

NADPH is made in?

A

photosystem 1

73
Q

what comes frist photosystem 1 or 2

A

2

74
Q

atp is made in?

A

photosystem 2

75
Q

co2 is used in ?

A

the calvin cycle

76
Q

rubisico is used for?

A

for catalyzing in the calvin cycle

77
Q

sunlight is used in?

A

in the photosystem 1 and 2

78
Q

water is used in?

A

photosystem 2

79
Q

what is water used for?

A

the chloryphill As lost electron ar replaced by the electron in the hydrogen in water

80
Q

what is GP3?

A

GP3 is used to start the calvin cycle and can be turned into glucose

81
Q

what happens in the thlakoids?

A

the (H) is stored to later be used for chemiosmosis

82
Q

what happens in the stroma?

A

the calvin cycle

83
Q

carbon fixation happens when?

A

the calvin cycle

geography 102 (4 decks)

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