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Biology Exam 3 (19-26) Flashcards

1
Q

Structure of nucleic acids

A

5 carbon sugar
Phosphate group
Nitrogenous base: purines (A G) and pyrimidines (T C U)

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2
Q

Griffith 1928 experiment

A

discovered that dead S strain of pneumonia could transform live R strain and have it cause disease

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3
Q

Chargraff 1950

A

Isolated DNA and hydrolyzed nucleotides apart and showed that composition is different among organisms – A & T and C & G are in same proportion

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4
Q

Hershey and Chase 1952

A

Demonstrated that bacteriophages pass on DNA, not proteins, into bacteria by radioactively marking DNA

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5
Q

Watson, Crick, and Franklin 1952

A

Franklin used X-ray crystallography showed double helix and Watson and Crick made 3D model of DNA

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6
Q

origin of replication

A

where strands separate to allow replication

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7
Q

replication fork

A

at each end of bubble, expands away from origin

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8
Q

helicase

A

unzips strand at each fork ahead of it

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9
Q

single-stranded binding proteins

A

keeps strands apart

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10
Q

topoisomerase

A

stabilizes DNA as fork approaches

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11
Q

DNA polymerase III

A

enzyme that reads template strand and adds nucleotides to 3’ end, elongation on 5’ to 3’ direction

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12
Q

Primase

A

makes RNA primer for DNA polymerase III

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13
Q

DNA polymerase I

A

replaces RNA primer with DNA

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14
Q

DNA ligase

A

bonds two Okazaki fragments together

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15
Q

Chromosome structure of prokaryotes

A

single, circular chromosome

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16
Q

chromosome structure of eukaryotes

A

multiple, linear chromosomes

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17
Q

Central Dogma of biology

A

genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to proteins

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18
Q

gene expression

A

process by which genes direct synthesis of protein, link between genotype and phenotype

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19
Q

transcription

A

process by which messenger RNA is synthesized so that a gene can be translated into a polypeptide

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20
Q

RNA polymerase

A

makes RNA transcript, which is complementary to template DNA and matches coding strand

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21
Q

translation

A

making proteins from the instruction in mRNA

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22
Q

codons

A

nucleotide triplets that code for amino acids in mRNA

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23
Q

transfer RNA

A

adapter between codons and amino acids
that has complementary anticodon that specifies an amino acid

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24
Q

Ribosome

A

enzyme that catalyzes interaction between mRNA and tRNA

25
Three sites of ribosome and their functions
P site: tRNA with attached growing peptide A site: next charged tRNA with amino acid E site: spent tRNA exits
26
where does initiation of mRNA during transcription occur?
occurs at the promoter
27
promoter
where RNA polymerase attaches and begins transcription
28
initiation of transcription in prokaryotes
RNA polymerase recognizes it on its own
29
initiation of transcription in eukaryotes
promoter binds transcription factors (TATA box) creating transcription initiation complex
30
termination in prokaryotes
terminator sequence causes RNA pol to detach
31
termination in eukaryotes
RNA pol transcribes polyadenylation signal that tells proteins to cut transcript about 30 nt downstream
32
two ways mRNA transcript is modified in eukaryotes before translation
ends are modified - 5' cap added and Poly-A-tail added to 3' end splicing
33
introns
non coding regions removed
34
exons
coding regions spliced together
35
initiation of translation
starts with small ribosomal subunit and tRNA for start codon
36
termination of translation
release factor recognizes stop codon Attaches H2O to end of peptide, freeing it
37
Point mutation (three kinds)
substitution of one nucleotide for another - missense: changes an amino acid - silent: no change - nonsense: results in premature stop
38
operon
part of DNA sequence that regulates gene expression
39
operator
on/off switch
40
repressible operon
can be turned off: Tryptophan synthesis - Presence of Trp turns off expression of genes by binding to the repressor to activate it - Repressor blocks RNA pol at promoter - Activated repressor binds to trp operator which blocks transcription
41
inducible operon
can be turned on: lactose digestion - Lac repressor is inactivated by presence of allolactose - CAMP receptor protein binds to lac promoter and stimulates RNA pol
42
how is transcription regulated in eukaryotes
activators bind to enhancers (control elements) and mediator proteins bend DNA so that enhancers can interact with transcription initiation complex
43
oncogene
gene that promotes cancer
44
proto-oncogene
promotes cell division -- cancer version: overexpression
45
tumor-supressor gene
inhibits cell division - cancer version: cell cycle not inhibited
46
4 arrangements of protein capsids in viruses
Helical: TMV Icosahedral: adenovirus (cold) Viral envelope derived from host membrane: flu Icosahedral head with tail: bacteriophage
47
viral genomes
Ds or ss DNA Ss RNA as mRNA ds mRNA ss RNA as template for mRNA or DNA
48
lytic cycle (bacteriophage)
virulent phage kills host cell, virus parts are replicated and then the cell explodes, releasing more virus
49
lysogenic cycle (bateriophage)
prophase inserted in bacterial chromosome, virus stays dormant until something triggers it to start replicating
50
how does influenza function
Ss RNA template for mRNA, brings own RNA polymerase Capsid and membrane proteins translated and genome is copied Virus picks up viral envelope on way out
51
what are prions and what do they do
malformed proteins that can convert others, leading to plaque that interferes with cell function in brain
52
gene cloning
Inserting gene into plasmids from bacteria (makes recombinant DNA) Bacteria divides, resulting in many copies of gene
53
Polymerase Chain Reaction
involves using short synthetic DNA fragments called primers to select a segment of the genome to be amplified, and then multiple rounds of DNA synthesis to amplify that segment.
54
gel electrophoresis
Uses porous matrix (agarose) and electricity to separate DNA by size Short fragments move faster
55
sanger sequencing
Uses Taq to make complementary strands but include some fluorescent dideoxynucleotides of different length Laser reads fluorescent nucleotides as fragments pass by in gel
56
bioinformatics
biology and computer science to study genomic data
57
difference in genomes between prokarotes and eukaryotes
Pro: less nucleotides and less genes and higher gene density
58
breakdown of human genome
Human genome is 1.5% coding 25% is promoters, introns, etc 15% pseudogenes: fossil genes that are nonfunctional Rest is repetitive DNA
59
homeotic genes
master regulator genes that direct the development of particular body segments or structures

Biology (4 decks)

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