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Biology > Biology Exam 3 (19-26) > Flashcards

Biology Exam 3 (19-26) Flashcards

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1
Q

Structure of nucleic acids

A

5 carbon sugar
Phosphate group
Nitrogenous base: purines (A G) and pyrimidines (T C U)

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2
Q

Griffith 1928 experiment

A

discovered that dead S strain of pneumonia could transform live R strain and have it cause disease

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3
Q

Chargraff 1950

A

Isolated DNA and hydrolyzed nucleotides apart and showed that composition is different among organisms – A & T and C & G are in same proportion

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4
Q

Hershey and Chase 1952

A

Demonstrated that bacteriophages pass on DNA, not proteins, into bacteria by radioactively marking DNA

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5
Q

Watson, Crick, and Franklin 1952

A

Franklin used X-ray crystallography showed double helix and Watson and Crick made 3D model of DNA

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6
Q

origin of replication

A

where strands separate to allow replication

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7
Q

replication fork

A

at each end of bubble, expands away from origin

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8
Q

helicase

A

unzips strand at each fork ahead of it

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9
Q

single-stranded binding proteins

A

keeps strands apart

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10
Q

topoisomerase

A

stabilizes DNA as fork approaches

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11
Q

DNA polymerase III

A

enzyme that reads template strand and adds nucleotides to 3’ end, elongation on 5’ to 3’ direction

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12
Q

Primase

A

makes RNA primer for DNA polymerase III

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13
Q

DNA polymerase I

A

replaces RNA primer with DNA

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14
Q

DNA ligase

A

bonds two Okazaki fragments together

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15
Q

Chromosome structure of prokaryotes

A

single, circular chromosome

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16
Q

chromosome structure of eukaryotes

A

multiple, linear chromosomes

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17
Q

Central Dogma of biology

A

genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to proteins

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18
Q

gene expression

A

process by which genes direct synthesis of protein, link between genotype and phenotype

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19
Q

transcription

A

process by which messenger RNA is synthesized so that a gene can be translated into a polypeptide

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20
Q

RNA polymerase

A

makes RNA transcript, which is complementary to template DNA and matches coding strand

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21
Q

translation

A

making proteins from the instruction in mRNA

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22
Q

codons

A

nucleotide triplets that code for amino acids in mRNA

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23
Q

transfer RNA

A

adapter between codons and amino acids
that has complementary anticodon that specifies an amino acid

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24
Q

Ribosome

A

enzyme that catalyzes interaction between mRNA and tRNA

25
Q

Three sites of ribosome and their functions

A

P site: tRNA with attached growing peptide
A site: next charged tRNA with amino acid
E site: spent tRNA exits

26
Q

where does initiation of mRNA during transcription occur?

A

occurs at the promoter

27
Q

promoter

A

where RNA polymerase attaches and begins transcription

28
Q

initiation of transcription in prokaryotes

A

RNA polymerase recognizes it on its own

29
Q

initiation of transcription in eukaryotes

A

promoter binds transcription factors (TATA box) creating transcription initiation complex

30
Q

termination in prokaryotes

A

terminator sequence causes RNA pol to detach

31
Q

termination in eukaryotes

A

RNA pol transcribes polyadenylation signal that tells proteins to cut transcript about 30 nt downstream

32
Q

two ways mRNA transcript is modified in eukaryotes before translation

A

ends are modified - 5’ cap added and Poly-A-tail added to 3’ end
splicing

33
Q

introns

A

non coding regions removed

34
Q

exons

A

coding regions spliced together

35
Q

initiation of translation

A

starts with small ribosomal subunit and tRNA for start codon

36
Q

termination of translation

A

release factor recognizes stop codon
Attaches H2O to end of peptide, freeing it

37
Q

Point mutation (three kinds)

A

substitution of one nucleotide for another
- missense: changes an amino acid
- silent: no change
- nonsense: results in premature stop

38
Q

operon

A

part of DNA sequence that regulates gene expression

39
Q

operator

A

on/off switch

40
Q

repressible operon

A

can be turned off: Tryptophan synthesis
- Presence of Trp turns off expression of genes by binding to the repressor to activate it
- Repressor blocks RNA pol at promoter
- Activated repressor binds to trp operator which blocks transcription

41
Q

inducible operon

A

can be turned on: lactose digestion
- Lac repressor is inactivated by presence of allolactose
- CAMP receptor protein binds to lac promoter and stimulates RNA pol

42
Q

how is transcription regulated in eukaryotes

A

activators bind to enhancers (control elements) and mediator proteins bend DNA so that enhancers can interact with transcription initiation complex

43
Q

oncogene

A

gene that promotes cancer

44
Q

proto-oncogene

A

promotes cell division – cancer version: overexpression

45
Q

tumor-supressor gene

A

inhibits cell division - cancer version: cell cycle not inhibited

46
Q

4 arrangements of protein capsids in viruses

A

Helical: TMV
Icosahedral: adenovirus (cold)
Viral envelope derived from host membrane: flu
Icosahedral head with tail: bacteriophage

47
Q

viral genomes

A

Ds or ss DNA
Ss RNA as mRNA
ds mRNA
ss RNA as template for mRNA or DNA

48
Q

lytic cycle (bacteriophage)

A

virulent phage kills host cell, virus parts are replicated and then the cell explodes, releasing more virus

49
Q

lysogenic cycle (bateriophage)

A

prophase inserted in bacterial chromosome, virus stays dormant until something triggers it to start replicating

50
Q

how does influenza function

A

Ss RNA template for mRNA, brings own RNA polymerase
Capsid and membrane proteins translated and genome is copied
Virus picks up viral envelope on way out

51
Q

what are prions and what do they do

A

malformed proteins that can convert others, leading to plaque that interferes with cell function in brain

52
Q

gene cloning

A

Inserting gene into plasmids from bacteria (makes recombinant DNA)
Bacteria divides, resulting in many copies of gene

53
Q

Polymerase Chain Reaction

A

involves using short synthetic DNA fragments called primers to select a segment of the genome to be amplified, and then multiple rounds of DNA synthesis to amplify that segment.

54
Q

gel electrophoresis

A

Uses porous matrix (agarose) and electricity to separate DNA by size
Short fragments move faster

55
Q

sanger sequencing

A

Uses Taq to make complementary strands but include some fluorescent dideoxynucleotides of different length
Laser reads fluorescent nucleotides as fragments pass by in gel

56
Q

bioinformatics

A

biology and computer science to study genomic data

57
Q

difference in genomes between prokarotes and eukaryotes

A

Pro: less nucleotides and less genes and higher gene density

58
Q

breakdown of human genome

A

Human genome is 1.5% coding
25% is promoters, introns, etc
15% pseudogenes: fossil genes that are nonfunctional
Rest is repetitive DNA

59
Q

homeotic genes

A

master regulator genes that direct the development of particular body segments or structures

Biology (4 decks)

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