Biology Exam 2 (10-18) Flashcards
summarize how cellular respiration produces ATP
3 phases: glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and electron transport chain
glycolysis
Glycolysis breaks 6-C glucose into 3-C pyruvate x2 (in cytosol)
Gain 2 ATP and 2 NADH
citric acid cycle
2 C acetyl group is attached to 4-C sugar & produces Acetyl-CoA (in mitochondria)
Produces 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP bc goes around twice
electron transport chain
NADH and FADH2 is used to pump H+ against gradient and last bit of chain reduces O2 to H2O
ATP synthase makes ATP driven by H+ gradient
Yields 30-32 ATP
anaerobic respiration
solely gylcolysis
Summarize how photosynthesis makes organic sugar molecules using CO2, H2O, and sunlight
Light reactions uses light energy to split water to O2, NADPH, & ATP
Calvin Cycle uses CO2, NADPH, & ATP to make sugar and water
where are chloroplasts located
mesophyll cells of plants
where is chlorophyll located
inside thylakoid membrane
Role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis
Chlorophyll is a pigment that absorbs visible light and captures energy from photons
light reactions
photosystem 2 use chlorophyll to capture e-
e- passed to electron transport chain which creates H+ gradient
photosystem 1 makes NADPH
calvin cycle
CO2 enters cycle and the process of carbon fixation by rubisco converts it into G3P
C4 plant adaptation
C4 plants sequester CO2 with PEP Carboxylase which is not confused by O2
CAM plant adaptation
CAM plants open stomata at night and sequester CO2 in organic acids until daylight
three phases of cell communication
Reception: ligand bonds to integral receptor protein
Transduction: ligand activates receptor and causes a change that signals a response inside the cell
Response: transduced signal triggers a response
prophase
Chromosomes start to condense
Spindle and aster microtubules form
Centrosomes migrating towards poles
metaphase
Centromeres reach poles
Chromosomes line up at metaphase plate
anaphase
Sister chromatids move toward opposite poles, now daughter chromosomes
telophase
Nuclear envelope returns
Chromosomes diffuse to chromatin
Cytokinesis: division of cytoplasm
when does DNA replication occur
interphase
meiosis
2n nucleus divides to produce 4, n nuclei
meiosis 1
Segregates paired homologous chromosomes
Results in two haploid cells with paired sister chromatids
meiosis 2
Segregates sister chromatics
Results in four haploid cells with single chromatid
when does crossing over occur
prophase 1
law of segregation
Two alleles separate during gamete formation to end up in different gametes (each gamete gets one allele from each parent)
