Biology Exam 2 (10-18)

Question 1

summarize how cellular respiration produces ATP

Answer 1

3 phases: glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and electron transport chain

Question 2

glycolysis

Answer 2

Glycolysis breaks 6-C glucose into 3-C pyruvate x2 (in cytosol)
Gain 2 ATP and 2 NADH

Question 3

citric acid cycle

Answer 3

2 C acetyl group is attached to 4-C sugar & produces Acetyl-CoA (in mitochondria)
Produces 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP bc goes around twice

Question 4

electron transport chain

Answer 4

NADH and FADH2 is used to pump H+ against gradient and last bit of chain reduces O2 to H2O
ATP synthase makes ATP driven by H+ gradient
Yields 30-32 ATP

Question 5

anaerobic respiration

Answer 5

solely gylcolysis

Question 6

Summarize how photosynthesis makes organic sugar molecules using CO2, H2O, and sunlight

Answer 6

Light reactions uses light energy to split water to O2, NADPH, & ATP
Calvin Cycle uses CO2, NADPH, & ATP to make sugar and water

Question 7

where are chloroplasts located

Answer 7

mesophyll cells of plants

Question 8

where is chlorophyll located

Answer 8

inside thylakoid membrane

Question 9

Role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis

Answer 9

Chlorophyll is a pigment that absorbs visible light and captures energy from photons

Question 10

light reactions

Answer 10

photosystem 2 use chlorophyll to capture e-
e- passed to electron transport chain which creates H+ gradient
photosystem 1 makes NADPH

Question 11

calvin cycle

Answer 11

CO2 enters cycle and the process of carbon fixation by rubisco converts it into G3P

Question 12

C4 plant adaptation

Answer 12

C4 plants sequester CO2 with PEP Carboxylase which is not confused by O2

Question 13

CAM plant adaptation

Answer 13

CAM plants open stomata at night and sequester CO2 in organic acids until daylight

Question 14

three phases of cell communication

Answer 14

Reception: ligand bonds to integral receptor protein
Transduction: ligand activates receptor and causes a change that signals a response inside the cell
Response: transduced signal triggers a response

Question 15

prophase

Answer 15

Chromosomes start to condense
Spindle and aster microtubules form
Centrosomes migrating towards poles

Question 16

metaphase

Answer 16

Centromeres reach poles
Chromosomes line up at metaphase plate

Question 17

anaphase

Answer 17

Sister chromatids move toward opposite poles, now daughter chromosomes

Question 18

telophase

Answer 18

Nuclear envelope returns
Chromosomes diffuse to chromatin
Cytokinesis: division of cytoplasm

Question 19

when does DNA replication occur

Answer 19

interphase

Question 20

meiosis

Answer 20

2n nucleus divides to produce 4, n nuclei

Question 21

meiosis 1

Answer 21

Segregates paired homologous chromosomes
Results in two haploid cells with paired sister chromatids

Question 22

meiosis 2

Answer 22

Segregates sister chromatics
Results in four haploid cells with single chromatid

Question 23

when does crossing over occur

Answer 23

prophase 1

Question 24

law of segregation

Answer 24

Two alleles separate during gamete formation to end up in different gametes (each gamete gets one allele from each parent)

Question 25

law of independent assortment

Answer 25

Alleles of different genes/loci segregate independently of each other

Question 26

complete dominance

Answer 26

offspring matches one parent

Question 27

incomplete dominance

Answer 27

phenotype is intermediate

Question 28

qualitative characters

Answer 28

variation in discrete categories

Question 29

quantitative characters

Answer 29

variation in wide range

Question 30

epistasis

Answer 30

expression of one gene affects another

Question 31

polygenetic inheritance

Answer 31

phenotype is influenced by multiple genes

Question 32

pleiotropy

Answer 32

one gene can influence multiple traits

Question 33

linked genes

Answer 33

close together on the same chromosome

Question 34

nondisjunction

Answer 34

chromosomes don’t segregate properly and there is an incorrect number

Question 35

gap junctions

Answer 35

intercellular connections that allow molecules to flow between cells
composed of two hemichannels (connexons)