Biology Exam 1 (1-9)

Question 1

what makes biology a natural science?

Answer 1

concerned with explaining natural phenomena in the world.

Question 2

what is biology?

Answer 2

study of living systems

Question 3

three fundamental properties of living systems

Answer 3

All living systems require energy and matter.
They all span multiple levels of complexity with emerging properties at each new level.
Living systems are organized around the transmission and expression of genetic information. They all arose through evolution.

Question 4

covalent bonds

Answer 4

two atoms share electrons

Question 5

ionic bonds

Answer 5

unequal sharing of electrons, cation and anion

Question 6

four emergent properties of water

Answer 6

cohesion and adhesion.
high heat capacity
solid form is less dense than liquid
universal solvent

Question 7

why is carbon important to organic life?

Answer 7

it can make four bonds

Question 8

three elements important to organic life

Answer 8

carbon, oxygen, nitrogen

Question 9

monomers

Answer 9

molecules that make up polymers

Question 10

polymers

Answer 10

macromolecules

Question 11

how to assemble polymers

Answer 11

dehydration reaction, remove water

Question 12

how to break polymers

Answer 12

hydrolysis, add water

Question 13

structure of carbohydrates

Answer 13

carbon ring made of monosaccharides that make up polysaccharides

Question 14

function of carbohydrates

Answer 14

storage: starch and glycogen
structure: cellulose and chitin

Question 15

what are lipids

Answer 15

large hydrophobic molecules

Question 16

three types of lipids

Answer 16

fat, phospholipid, steroid

Question 17

structure of proteins

Answer 17

primary: amino acid sequence
secondary: interactions btwn amino acids
tertiary: folding of chain into shape
quarternary: interaction btwn two or more polypeptides

Question 18

structure of nucleic acids

Answer 18

chain of nucleotides made from 5 carbon sugar, nitrogenous base, and phosphate group

Question 19

function of nucleic acids

Answer 19

store and carry genetic information

Question 20

difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Answer 20

prokaryotic cells lack membrane bound organelles and eukaryotic cells have a nucleus to store DNA

Question 21

nucleus

Answer 21

stores genetic information

Question 22

ribosomes

Answer 22

transcribed information from DNA for protein synthesis

Question 23

where does cellular respiration occur

Answer 23

mitochondria

Question 24

where does photosynthesis occur

Answer 24

chloroplasts

Question 25

function of endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 25

makes new proteins and membrane in cisternae

Question 26

function of golgi apparatus

Answer 26

finishes and ships products from ER

Question 27

structure of lysosomes

Answer 27

membrane bound organelles with digestive enzymes

Question 28

function of lysosomes

Answer 28

break down food vacuoles and recycle cell parts

Question 29

structure of vacuoles

Answer 29

any membrane bound space with liquid inside

Question 30

function of vacuoles

Answer 30

structure and support for plant cell

Question 31

structure of cytoskeleton

Answer 31

made up of microtubules, microfilament, and intermediate filaments

Question 32

function of cytoskeleton

Answer 32

shape the cell and guide the movement of organelles

Question 33

structure of plasma membrane

Answer 33

phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

Question 34

function of plasma membrane

Answer 34

facilitate movement of molecules in/out of cell

Question 35

diffusion

Answer 35

movement of particles from high concentration to low concentration

Question 36

osmosis

Answer 36

movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane. Water moves in order to create equilibrium of the solute.

Question 37

hypotonic

Answer 37

lower concentration

Question 38

hypertonic

Answer 38

higher concentration

Question 39

in osmosis, which direction does water move

Answer 39

from hypotonic to hypertonic

Question 40

isotonic

Answer 40

equal concentration

Question 41

passive diffusion

Answer 41

Small, nonpolar molecules can diffuse through the membrane

Question 42

facilitated diffusion

Answer 42

certain proteins (channel) aid diffusion of molecules into cell

Question 43

active transport

Answer 43

protein pumps a molecule into the cell using energy, against concentration gradients.

Question 44

1st Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 44

energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed

Question 45

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 45

entropy, energy gets lost and the system moves towards disorder

Question 46

kinetic energy

Answer 46

energy released when something is in motion

Question 47

potential energy

Answer 47

energy stored in something

Question 48

metabolism

Answer 48

movement of matter and energy through living systems

Question 49

exergonic

Answer 49

reaction releases energy

Question 50

endergonic

Answer 50

reaction requires energy

Question 51

function of enzymes

Answer 51

proteins that lower the activation energy for a reaction

Question 52

function of ATP

Answer 52

energy coupling agent that provides for endergonic reactions by coupling them with exergonic reactions.

Question 53

endosymbiosis theory

Answer 53

theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts once existed as free-living prokaryotes and then created a symbiotic relationship