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Biology > Biology Exam 1 (1-9) > Flashcards

Biology Exam 1 (1-9) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what makes biology a natural science?

A

concerned with explaining natural phenomena in the world.

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2
Q

what is biology?

A

study of living systems

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3
Q

three fundamental properties of living systems

A

All living systems require energy and matter.
They all span multiple levels of complexity with emerging properties at each new level.
Living systems are organized around the transmission and expression of genetic information. They all arose through evolution.

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4
Q

covalent bonds

A

two atoms share electrons

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5
Q

ionic bonds

A

unequal sharing of electrons, cation and anion

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6
Q

four emergent properties of water

A

cohesion and adhesion.
high heat capacity
solid form is less dense than liquid
universal solvent

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7
Q

why is carbon important to organic life?

A

it can make four bonds

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8
Q

three elements important to organic life

A

carbon, oxygen, nitrogen

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9
Q

monomers

A

molecules that make up polymers

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10
Q

polymers

A

macromolecules

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11
Q

how to assemble polymers

A

dehydration reaction, remove water

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12
Q

how to break polymers

A

hydrolysis, add water

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13
Q

structure of carbohydrates

A

carbon ring made of monosaccharides that make up polysaccharides

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14
Q

function of carbohydrates

A

storage: starch and glycogen
structure: cellulose and chitin

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15
Q

what are lipids

A

large hydrophobic molecules

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16
Q

three types of lipids

A

fat, phospholipid, steroid

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17
Q

structure of proteins

A

primary: amino acid sequence
secondary: interactions btwn amino acids
tertiary: folding of chain into shape
quarternary: interaction btwn two or more polypeptides

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18
Q

structure of nucleic acids

A

chain of nucleotides made from 5 carbon sugar, nitrogenous base, and phosphate group

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19
Q

function of nucleic acids

A

store and carry genetic information

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20
Q

difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A

prokaryotic cells lack membrane bound organelles and eukaryotic cells have a nucleus to store DNA

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21
Q

nucleus

A

stores genetic information

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22
Q

ribosomes

A

transcribed information from DNA for protein synthesis

23
Q

where does cellular respiration occur

A

mitochondria

24
Q

where does photosynthesis occur

A

chloroplasts

25
Q

function of endoplasmic reticulum

A

makes new proteins and membrane in cisternae

26
Q

function of golgi apparatus

A

finishes and ships products from ER

27
Q

structure of lysosomes

A

membrane bound organelles with digestive enzymes

28
Q

function of lysosomes

A

break down food vacuoles and recycle cell parts

29
Q

structure of vacuoles

A

any membrane bound space with liquid inside

30
Q

function of vacuoles

A

structure and support for plant cell

31
Q

structure of cytoskeleton

A

made up of microtubules, microfilament, and intermediate filaments

32
Q

function of cytoskeleton

A

shape the cell and guide the movement of organelles

33
Q

structure of plasma membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

34
Q

function of plasma membrane

A

facilitate movement of molecules in/out of cell

35
Q

diffusion

A

movement of particles from high concentration to low concentration

36
Q

osmosis

A

movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane. Water moves in order to create equilibrium of the solute.

37
Q

hypotonic

A

lower concentration

38
Q

hypertonic

A

higher concentration

39
Q

in osmosis, which direction does water move

A

from hypotonic to hypertonic

40
Q

isotonic

A

equal concentration

41
Q

passive diffusion

A

Small, nonpolar molecules can diffuse through the membrane

42
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

certain proteins (channel) aid diffusion of molecules into cell

43
Q

active transport

A

protein pumps a molecule into the cell using energy, against concentration gradients.

44
Q

1st Law of Thermodynamics

A

energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed

45
Q

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

A

entropy, energy gets lost and the system moves towards disorder

46
Q

kinetic energy

A

energy released when something is in motion

47
Q

potential energy

A

energy stored in something

48
Q

metabolism

A

movement of matter and energy through living systems

49
Q

exergonic

A

reaction releases energy

50
Q

endergonic

A

reaction requires energy

51
Q

function of enzymes

A

proteins that lower the activation energy for a reaction

52
Q

function of ATP

A

energy coupling agent that provides for endergonic reactions by coupling them with exergonic reactions.

53
Q

endosymbiosis theory

A

theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts once existed as free-living prokaryotes and then created a symbiotic relationship

Biology (4 decks)

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