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Biology > Biology Exam 3 > Flashcards

Biology Exam 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

List the features of the double helix.

A
  • has a major and a minor groove
  • 10 pb per turn
  • b is most common form
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2
Q

Describe the structure of a nucleotide.

A

Contains a nitrogenous base, ribose sugar, and phosphate group.

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3
Q

Describe the structure of a strand of DNA.

A
  • Composed of nucleotides
  • Sugar: Deoxyribose
  • Bases: AGCT
  • Double Helix
  • Stable
  • A double helix made of two polymers of DNA
  • Anti parallel strands
  • They have polarity with a 3 prime and a 5 prime end.
  • The bases are joined together phosphodiester covalent bonds.
  • Strands are held together by hydrogen bond (weak bonds)
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4
Q

Describe the structure of double helix B form DNA.

A
  • most common DNA under physiological conditions
  • right-handed turn
  • 10 bp per turn
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5
Q

Outline the flow of information DNA > RNA > Protein.

A

DNA (transcription)>RNA(translation)>Protein>Function

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6
Q

List 5 levels of DNA organization.

A

1) Double Helix
2) Nucleosome (string of beads)
3) Chromatin fiber (folded beads)
4) Euchromatin (Looped Domain)
5) Heterochromatin (interphase)

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7
Q

Describe the structure and function of a gene.

A

A gene is a functional unit of DNA; Sequence that encodes a trait.

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8
Q

Describe/ compare the structure and function of RNA molecules.

A
  • Composed of nucleotides
  • Type of Sugar: Ribose
  • contains 2’ OH group
  • Bases: AGCU
  • Single Stranded
  • Many types of secondary structure
  • Unstable
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9
Q

Define mutation.

A

mistakes made during gene replication in the nitrogenous base pairing. (occurs 1 in 10 billion)

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10
Q

Why are mutations often harmful?

A

If a mutation changes a protein so the protein can’t do its job.

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11
Q

What bases pair together?

A

A pairs with T - 2 bonds
C pairs with G - 3 bonds

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12
Q

Which bases are purine?

A

A and G

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13
Q

Which bases are pyrimidine?

A

T and C

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14
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

long double helix of DNA

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15
Q

What is a nucleosome?

A
  • DNA + histone
  • contains 200bp of DNA/ nucleosome
  • Histone octomer
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16
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes do we have?

A

23 pairs

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17
Q

What is chromatin?

A

DNA + proteins + RNA required of chromosome condensation
nucleosome = unit of chromatin

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18
Q

Euchromatin

A

loosely packaged DNA (where turned on genes are located)

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19
Q

Heterochromatin

A

Tightly packaged DNA

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20
Q

What is the function of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?

A

builds ribosomes that make protein (never translated)

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21
Q

What is the function of Transfer RNA (tRNA)?

A

carries amino acids to ribosome

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22
Q

What is the function of messenger RNA (mRNA)?

A

translated into proteins for cell function

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23
Q

Where must mutations occur to be heritable?

A

egg or sperm

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24
Q

Describe the structure and function of the nuclear pore.

A

Nuclear pore regulates mRNA exit and protein entrance

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25
Q

What is the function of initiator proteins?

A
  • bind origin of replication and melt hydrogen bonds to open helix
  • separates DNA strand
  • start the replication bubble
26
Q

What is the function of helicase?

A

unwinds double stranded DNA

27
Q

What is the function of topoisomerase?

A

makes nicks (and fixes them) in the DNA to relieve tension ahead of fork

28
Q

What is the function of single stranded binding proteins (SSPB)?

A

keeps strands from rebuilding

29
Q

What is the function of primase?

A
  • synthesizes 20-30nt RNA primer
  • provides short dsDNA region and 3’ - OH for DNA polymerase
  • provides a 3’oh group form DNA polymerase to add nucleotides to
30
Q

What is the function of DNA polymerase III?

A

duplication of chromosomal DNA; adds new base pairs on a strand of DNA

31
Q

What is the function of DNA polymerase I?

A

removes RNA primers and replaces them with DNA

32
Q

What is the function of a beta clamp?

A

helps pol III find the primers

33
Q

What is the function of ligase?

A

seals the gaps (gaps between RNA primer and DNA) between DNA segments with phosphodiester bonds (requires ATP)

34
Q

Describe DNA synthesis reaction carried out by DNA pols.

A

the primer is laid then DNA pol III adds nucleotides then pol 1 removes RNA primers and replaces them with DNA

35
Q

Describe DNA synthesis process on leading and lagging strands.

A

On the leading stand DNA synthesis occurs continuously. On the lagging strand, DNA synthesis restarts many times as the helix unwinds, resulting in many short fragments called Okazaki fragments then DNA ligase joins the Okazaki fragments together into a single DNA molecule.

36
Q

Describe the structure of the telomere.

A

Makes a t-loop with telomerase (loops back around to protect overhang)

37
Q

List events of each stage of mitosis.

A

Interphase
Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis

38
Q

Compare and contrast the process and outcomes of mitosis and meiosis.

A

Mitosis results in two nuclei that are identical to the original nucleus. Meiosis, on the other hand, results in four nuclei, each having half the number of chromosomes of the original cell

39
Q

What happens in interphase?

A

Cell functioning (spaghetti chromosomes) *DNA replication occurs)

40
Q

What happens in prophase?

A

chromosomes condense (MTOC splits into 2)

41
Q

What happens in pro metaphase?

A

nuclear membrane breaks down and spindle forms

42
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A

replicated chromosome moves to equator (they line up in the middle) and they attach to the spindle

43
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A

replicated chromosome (sister chromatids) separate to poles

44
Q

What happens in telophase?

A

new nuclear membrane around 2 sets of chromosomes

45
Q

What happens in cytokinesis?

A

separation of the cytoplasm; pinching apart of daughter cells

46
Q

What end do nucleotides add to?

A

3’ hydroxyl

47
Q

What is the order of DNA replication proteins?

A
  1. Primase
  2. DNA pol III
  3. DNA pol I
  4. Ligase
48
Q

Difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA replication?

A

Prokaryote
- Chromosome is a circle
Eukaryote
- Chromosome is a line with a hanging end

49
Q

What is the DNA overhang called?

A

Telomere

50
Q

What does telomerase do?

A

can extend overhang to prevent shortening

51
Q

What is the formula for chromosomes in mammalian cells?

A

2n = 46

52
Q

What is the function of kinetochore proteins?

A

connect centromere to spindle microtubules

53
Q

What are the differences between meiosis and mitosis?

A

Meiosis
- 2 round of division instead of 1
- anaphase 1 separates replicated chromosomes (not sisterchromatids)
- only occurs in sex cells; produces gametes
- Replicated homologous chromosomes pair to form tetrads
- results in 4 haploid daughter cells vs. 2 diploid

54
Q

What pinches the cell apart in cytokinesis?

A

Actin Ring

55
Q

What is the B form DNA model?

A

Watson and Crick model

56
Q

Which nitrogenous bases are purine and how many rings are they made of?

A

A and G made of two rings

57
Q

Which nitrogenous bases are pyrimidine and how many rings are they made of?

A

T and C made of 1 ring

58
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are between C and G?

A

3

59
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are between A and T?

A

2

60
Q

What are the motor proteins involved in mitosis?

A

Eg5, Dynein, HSET

Biology (6 decks)

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