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Biology > Biology Exam #2 > Flashcards

Biology Exam #2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the order of IF filament building blocks?

A

Monomer to parallel dimer to anti-parallel staggered tetramer to Filament (8 tetramers) to Immature Filament to mature filament

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2
Q

What is the function of intermediate filaments?

A

mechanical strength and shape

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3
Q

What is the function of Actin?

A

large scale movement, motion and shape

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4
Q

What is the function of microtubules?

A

Trafficking and mitosis

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5
Q

Where do you find IF in a cell?

A

cell-cell junctions and nuclear envelope

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6
Q

Where do you find actin in a cell?

A

the actin cortex just under the plasma membrane

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7
Q

Where do you find microtubules in a cell?

A

The MTOC next to the nuclear membrane

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8
Q

How do IF’s assemble?

A

IF’s assemble through spontaneous assembly, then the polymers are held together by hydrophobic forces.

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9
Q

What is the role of dynamic instability?

A

Dynamic instability is the growth and shrinkage of a cytoskeleton filaments. The role of dynamic instability is to allow microtubules to rapidly grow and shrink in cells, which allows cellular traffic to re-route.

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10
Q

What is the role of treadmilling?

A

Allows actin too quickly rearrange itself in one direction which helps with cell migration and is important for cell motility.

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11
Q

What is the role of kinesin?

A

motor protein that walks toward the (+) end of the microtubule.

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12
Q

What is the role of dyenein?

A

motor protein that walks toward the (-) end of the microtubule.

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13
Q

Describe the structure of myosin?

A

motor domain regulatory domain (lever arm) a tail domain

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14
Q

Describe the structure of kinesin?

A

head, as stalk (coiled coil), and a tail (light chains)

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15
Q

Describe the structure of Dynein

A

stalk, head, stem, and tail (intermediate chain/ light chain complex)

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16
Q

What role does ATP play?

A

ATP is required for motor proteins movement. The cycle of ATP -> ADP hydrolysis is required to let head groups swing past each other and attach to the microtubule in front.

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17
Q

How do motor proteins control sperm flagella movement?

A

As dynein walks down the - end of the microtubules in the sperm flagella it causes the microtubules to slide pass each other causing the swimming motion.

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18
Q

How do motor proteins control cell migration?

A

Myosin exerts force to move the actin filaments by using a “Rope pulling” grab-release motion which makes cells roll at the front and squeeze at the back.

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19
Q

a network of filamentous proteins that links organelle and the plasma membrane

A

cytoskeleton

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20
Q

What causes the disassembly of intermediate filaments?

A

Phosphorylation: phosphate charge disrupts hydrophobic interaction

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21
Q

What is an example of specialized intermediate filaments?

A

nuclear lamins which are located by nuclear envelope and bind DNA and chromatin and provide structural support to nucleus/DNA

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22
Q

What is the building block of microtubules?

A

Alpha (-)Beta(+) dimer

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23
Q

What energy molecules do alpha-beta bind?

A

GTP

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24
Q

What starts microtubule assembly?

A

gamma-tubulin

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25
Q

What is the polymer of microtubules called?

A

protofilaments

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26
Q

What is this reaction called? GTP —> GDP +P

A

GTP hydrolysis

27
Q

How do ATP/GTP control protein function?

A

Shape change

28
Q

How do MTs assemble?

A

alpha beta dimers polymerize to form microtubules which are composed of 13 protofilaments assembled around a hollow core.

29
Q

How do MT’s disassemble?

A
  • When the (+) end hydrolyzes GTP to GDP mt will fall apart
30
Q

What is it called when MT’s lose their GTP cap and fall apart?

A

Catastrophe

31
Q

What is it called when mt regain their GTP cap and begin growing again?

A

Rescue

32
Q

What proteins are involved with MTs

A

dynein and kinesin

33
Q

What is required to let head groups “swing” past each other

A

cycle of ATP to ADP hydrolysis

34
Q

What is the initiation formation of microtubules

A

nucleation

35
Q

What drug target microtubule function

A

taxol

36
Q

What is the polymer of actin?

A

actin filaments

37
Q

What are the three stages of actin assembly?

A

1) Nucleation: monomers start to bind
2) Elongation: monomers added
3) Steady state: rate of adding monomers = rate of losing monomers

38
Q

What is the function of capping proteins?

A

binding to either end of filament and hold length at steady state

39
Q

What is the function of cross linking proteins?

A

organize actin filaments into bundles and networks

40
Q

What is the function of myosins?

A

motor protein to create movement and force.

41
Q

What are the four steps of cell migration?

A

Step 1: Cell pushes out a portion of the plasma membrane and actin filament polymerize.
Step 2: Plasma membrane is secured in new location- interns of ECM connect to actin filaments
Step 3: Stress fibers form and actin filaments attached to interns grow back towards the center of the cell
Step 4: Mysoins pull actin filaments forward at the rear of the cell and intern complexes at the rear of cell disassemble

42
Q

narrow threadlike protrusions

A

filopodia

43
Q

Broad shallow distortions

A

lamellipodia

44
Q

What type of energy molecule does actin use?

A

ATP

45
Q

What are the 9 steps of vesicle formation

A

1) Cargo Selection
2) Budding
3) Scission
4) Uncoating
5) Transport
6) Tethering
7) Docking
8) Fusion
9 )Disassembly

46
Q

What happens in cargo selection

A

cargo binds to partner receptor

47
Q

What happens in budding?

A

coat proteins bind adaptor proteins, deforms membrane

48
Q

What happens in Scission?

A

Dynamin and GTP bind vesicle, GTP hydrolysis causes shape change and dynamic pinches vesicle off donor membrane.

49
Q

What happens in uncoating?

A

coat proteins fall off

50
Q

What happens in transport

A

kinesin moves vesicle down microtubule

51
Q

What happens in tethering

A

Rab and tethering protein partner for first contact between the vesicle and acceptor protein

52
Q

What happens in Docking?

A

v-snare and t-snare partner for close proximity of vesicle and membrane

53
Q

What happens in fusion

A

vesicle and acceptor membrane fuse

54
Q

What happens in disassembly?

A

Receptors and c-snare sent back to the donor membrane

55
Q

What is the structure of the Golgi?

A

5-8 cistern held together by grasp proteins; made of cis, medial and trans

56
Q

What are the function of the Golgi?

A

Cis (CGN)-receive vesicle from ER
Medial - protein modification
Trans (TGN) - protein sorting, cargo selection, and vesicle fate

57
Q

Outline the process of exocytosis

A

Starts in ER > COPII vesicle > cis Golgi> trans Golgi> PM
COPI vesicle goes from Golgi to ER

58
Q

Outline the process of endocytosis

A

Starts at PM > ends at lysosome

59
Q

What is the role of Clathrin?

A

endocytosis vesicles from PM to endosome/ lysosome

60
Q

Coat protein from ER to Golgi

A

COPII

61
Q

Vesicle coat protein from Golgi back to Er

A

COPI

62
Q

What are the characteristics of a lysosome?

A
  • has degrative enzymes
  • acidic pH
  • can fuse w/ and degrade old organelle and viruses
63
Q

What is the function of an Endosome?

A

sort and deliver of internalized material from cell surface

Biology (6 decks)

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