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Biology > Biology Exam 1 Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Biology Exam 1 Lecture 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the Central Dogma of Biology?

A

DNA (replication -> RNA (transcription) -> Protein (translation)

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2
Q

All cells require ___ to function?

A

Energy

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3
Q

Scale of cells (small to big)

A

atom, molecules, organelles, cells

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4
Q

What shapes can bacteria form?

A

spherical, rod-shaped, spiral

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5
Q

Prokaryotes lack what?

A

Nucleus and other intercellular components

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6
Q

Organelles of eucaryotic cells are found in an
____ all bounded by a _____

A

aqueous cytosol, plasma membrane

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7
Q

What are two organelles of eukaryotic cells that have features consistent with origins from internalized bacteria?

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

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8
Q

Mitochondria and chloroplasts are an example of what?

A

endosymbiont origins

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9
Q

The ER is what?

A

Beginning of the secretory or “export” pathway

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10
Q

2nd along the secretory pathway?

A

Golgi

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11
Q

Mitotic spindle

A

Nuclear Division Mechanism

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12
Q

Another commonality of eucaryotic cells –
Expanded roles for different ____

A

cytoskeletal filaments

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13
Q

Prokaryotes actually have a few examples of these, but they are much less prevalent among prokaryotes compared to eukaryotes

A

cytoskeletal filaments

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14
Q

Specialized cells arise by a process called

A

Differentiation

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15
Q

All cells are “self contained”and behave autonomously. T or F

A

F

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16
Q

All cells in an organism possess the same number of chromosomes. T or F

A

F

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17
Q

Some cells in eucaryotes contain several nuclei. T or F

A

T

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18
Q

Many ___ are now completely sequenced

A

genomes

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19
Q

____ have been key to identifying
genes encoding many important proteins of cells

A

“Model” organisms

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20
Q

What are some “Model” organisms?

A

E. coli , Saccharomyces, Caenorabditis, Drosophila Arabidopsis

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21
Q

What are some model organisms for vertebrates?

A

mice and zebrafish

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22
Q

What are the consequences of mutations?

A

wild type, loss-of-function mutation (point mutation, truncation, deletion), gain-of-funtion mutation, conditional mutation (37*C)

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23
Q

____ have provided key systems for many
initial studies of cell phenomena

A

“Non-models”

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24
Q

the complex and very different life cycles of certain protists made them key to early molecular studies of ____. ____ are also key to many studies.

A

telomeres, cell free systems

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25
Q

two examples of cell free systems

A

Motor protein movements on cytoskeletal filaments
and Ion transport in the axonal plasma membrane

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26
Q

Cross species ______
demonstrates
functional
conservation
of much of the
cell division
machinery

A

complementation

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27
Q

Experiments in ____ revealed the other major component of the cell cycle
_____ and earned the other part of
the prize

A

sea urchin eggs, “master regulator”

28
Q

A double bond between two atoms:

A

Constrains the geometry of a molecule by preventing rotation around this bond

29
Q

What is the strongest bond?

A

covalent

30
Q

two types of weak noncovalent bonds
WEAK IS GOOD!

A

hydrogen bonds, van der waals

31
Q

Why are weak bonds good?

A

weak bonds enable specificities of
interactions in the complex mileau of the cell

32
Q

which bond is the second strongest?

A

ionic bond

33
Q

why is water important in biological contexts?

A

it is highly polar, therefore it tends to interact with many types of molecules carrying + or - charges (e.g. ions)

34
Q

what kinds of bonds are hydrophilic?

A

polar and ionic bonds

35
Q

what kinds of bonds are hydrophobic?

A

non-polar bonds

36
Q

what is it called when a molecule contains both hydrophobic and hydrophilic domains?

A

amphipathic

37
Q

Hydrophobic
molecules will tend
to…. in water

A

…aggregate or
remain immiscible
in water

38
Q

Acids are

A

Molecules that donate protons to water to form H3O+

39
Q

Bases are

A

Molecules that remove H + ions from water (solution)

40
Q

Phosphates are ____, thus they interact well with water or appropriately charged protein surfaces

A

polar and charged

41
Q

what are examples of carbohydrate polymers?

A

polysaccharides, glycogen, and starch

42
Q

Reactions that build polymers from monomers and liberate water in the process are known as:

A

Condensation reactions

43
Q

subunits ___bonds -> macromolecules ___bonds -> macromolecule assembly

A

covalent, noncovalent

44
Q

What reaction splits u a polymer?

A

Hydrolysis

45
Q

Sugars have two unique properties relative to the other major biomolecules:

A

They can and do exist in different stereoisomers which may be recognized differently.

The polymer backbone can be branched.

46
Q

Which type of lipid is good? (unsaturated or saturated)

A

unsaturated (kinks)

47
Q

Lipids in the form
of sterols (like
cholesterol) are
important to
_____
and to the
production of
______

A

membranes, steroid hormones

48
Q

______
are also found in
membranes.

A

Polyisopreniods
and glycolipids

49
Q

what is the major constituent of membranes?

A

phospholipids

50
Q

what are proteins?

A

Proteins = amino acids polymerized in a series of condensation reactions

51
Q

What does the reaction product of a protein contain?

A

peptide bonds

52
Q

A peptide chain, like each amino acid has a ____ end and a _____ end

A

NH2 (amino) end, COOH (carboxyl) end

53
Q

Proteins contain only the ___ form (isomer)

A

L-form

54
Q

What did Teodor Svedberg do?

A

Determined the polymeric nature of proteins by ultracentrifugation

55
Q

Peptide bonds are…

A

planar with no rotation

56
Q

4 types of amino acids:

A

acidic, basic, uncharged polar and non-polar

57
Q

Uncharged polar are often sites of modifications _______

A

(ser, thr, tyr, asn, gln)

58
Q

Hydrophobics are important toward…

A

creating globular protein structures and for helping proteins span across (through) membranes

59
Q

Acidic and basic can make ___ bonds and interact strongly with water

A

ionic

60
Q

Acids _____H+ ions to water and bases _____ H+ ions to water.

A

donate H+ ions to water; remove H+ ions from water

61
Q

Which particular amino acids are key sites of
protein modification by
kinases and phosphatase?

A

serine, threonine, tyrosine

62
Q

where can disulfide bonds form?

A

two cysteine side chains in proteins: CH2 - S - S - CH2

Cysteine: -CH2-SH

63
Q

Genetic information is stored and transmitted primarily through ___ which is a polymer of ____ (deoxyribose).

A

DNA, nucleotides

64
Q

RNA is also composed of ____ (ribose) and performs many different functions allowing the expression of genetic information.

A

nucleotides

65
Q

What serves to
regulate many
protein activities and
Interactions in cells?

A

ATP and GTP

66
Q

Is ATP hydrolysis favorable or not favorable?

A

favorable! (negative delta G)

Biology (8 decks)

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