Biology EK 1001 Flashcards
In periods of low water intake, renin angiotensin feedback mechanism is used to minimize the amount of water lost by the system. The kidney works in conjunction with which of the folowing organs to excrete acidic metabolites and regulate acid-base buffer stores?
Lungs
Which organs can use ketone bodies as a energy source? Which can’t?
Ketone: Brain, Heart, Muscle
Liver can’t use ketone bodies
Albumin makes up 55% of plasma proteins. Fatty acids bind albumin for what reason?
Non-covalent binding with albumin increases over-all lipid solubility.
Albumin increases vascular osmolarity
If no albumin, increase in edema
The crystal structure of a mutant mitochondrial enzyme aconitase has been determined. What can directly affect aconitase enzyme activity?
pH, temperature, Substrate Concentration
Lipids are less dense than protein, the lower the density of a lipoprotein the less protein it carries. Which of the following molecules has the highest lipid density.
Chylomicron
Shape is important for binding of the relevant peptide to the receptor protein on the cell surface. Which of the following amino acids should be used to bind to a sterically hindered receptor site?
Glycine, question is looking for smallest Amino Acid
During carbohydrate metabolism, NADH is produced in which of the following locations?
Cytosol: Glycolysis
Mitochondrial Matrix: Krebs Cycle 3NADH
When you lower Activation Energy
Increase forward and backwards reaction, but not equally(?)
Enterokinase is composed of 80000 residues and is derived from a single chain precursor. Disulfide bond disruption and liquid chromatography reveal two different effusion rates. Explain, what could be true.
Two different effusion rates means there are two strands with different weights.
In order to maximize ATP production, what can serve as initial reactant for glycolysis
Glucose, Hexose sugars.
Fructose and Galactose can be converted to hexose, and can enter glycolysis as Fructose 6 Phosphate and Galactose 6 Phosphate (but won’t be considered a reactant)
Citric Acid Cycle products
3 NADH
1FADH2
Oxaloacetate (regenerated)
GTP
Helicase is the enzyme that “unzips” the helix. In order to maintain the “unzipping”, SSBP is expected attach to which nucleotide element
ssDNA
How man chromosomes are present in a human somatic cell after the S phase?
46 chromosomes
Polycistronic mRNA
in prokaryotes, genes of similar function are often arranged adjacent to each other on the chromosome and are transcribed as a single polycistronic mRNA
Southern blot
gel electrophoresis to detect DNA
Western blot
gel electrophoresis to detect Protein
Northern blot
gel electrophoresis to detect RNA
Where do viruses acquire envelope (glycoprotein covered)
Most viruses acquire from plasma membrane
If viral assembly occurs in the nucleus, virus acquires envelope from nuclear membrane
DiGeorge’s syndrome presents as a severe T-cell deficiency. Which of the following organs failed to develop in an individual diagnoses with DGS?
Thymus
Which location has the greatest surfactant production?
Lung
reduces interfacial surface tension between liquids–present in alveoli
Possible movement type associated with proteins in the plasma membrane
Motion along the plane
Sinking in and out
The nucleocapsid, an outer portion of the naked capsid virion, protects the virion from the conditions in the gastrointestinal tract. What is a likely mode of transmission for the naked capsid virion?
Naked capsid virus is protected by nucleocapsid from drying, acids and bile, making it resistant to GI tract conditions. It can be assumed that the virus infect the GI through fecal-oral route.
Blood plasma
blood and everything EXCEPT red blood cells
amino acids, albumin, glucose, Na, Ca, Cl, HCO, are all present
Mitochondria
Inter-cristal space (Matrix) houses low H+ concentration.
H+ pumped out of the matrix into the intermembrane space by the electron transport chain.
Intermembrane space has high H+ concentration
