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Biology Semester 1 > Biology Chapters 8/9 > Flashcards

Biology Chapters 8/9 Flashcards

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0
Q

What did Jan van Helmont conclude from his experiments?

A

Mass gained in plants is mostly due to water.

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1
Q

What occurs in the process of photosynthesis?

A

Plants use energy from sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into high-energy carbohydrates and oxygen.

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2
Q

What substance was produced by the mint plant in Joseph Priestley’s experiment?

A

Oxygen.

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3
Q

What did Jan Ingenhousz show?

A

Plants only release oxygen when they are exposed to light.

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4
Q

What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H20 –> C6H12O6 + 6O2

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5
Q

What does photosynthesis require?

A

Water, carbon dioxide, light, and chlorophyll.

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6
Q

What are light-absorbing molecules that gather the sun’s energy? What is the principal one in plants?

A

Pigments, chlorophyll

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7
Q

What is a thylakoid?

A

A saclike photosynthetic membrane found in chloroplasts.

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8
Q

What is a granum?

A

A stack of thylakoids.

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9
Q

What is the region outside the thylakoid membrane called?

A

The stroma.

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10
Q

What are photosystems?

A

Clusters of chlorophyll and other pigments made by proteins in the thylakoid membrane.

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11
Q

What are the two stages of photosynthesis called?

A

Light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle)

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12
Q

What is the reactant of light-dependent reactions? the product?

A

Water

Oxygen

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13
Q

What is the reactant of the Calvin cycle? the product?

A

Carbon dioxide

Glucose

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14
Q

True or false: Electrons gain energy when they are excited by light in the chlorophyll.

A

True.

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15
Q

What is a carrier molecule?

A

A compound that can accept a pair of high-energy electrons and transfer them along with most of their energy to another molecule.

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16
Q

What is the carrier molecule involved in photosynthesis?

A

NADP+

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17
Q

How does NADP+ become NADPH?

A

NADP accepts and hold 2 high-energy electrons and a hydrogen ion.

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18
Q

True or false: Light dependent reactions convert ATP into ADP.

A

False (they convert ADP into ATP)

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19
Q

When is NADP+ converted into NADPH?

A

During the light-dependent reactions.

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20
Q

Where do the light-dependent reactions take place?

A

Thylakoids

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21
Q

True or false: High-energy electrons move through the electron transport chain from photosystem I to photosystem II.

A

False (they move from photosystem II to photosystem I)

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22
Q

What process produces ATP?

A

ATP synthase.

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23
Q

What does the Calvin cycle use to produce sugars?

A

The energy from ATP and NADPH.

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24
Q

Where do carbon dioxide molecules that enter the Calvin cycle come from?

A

The atmosphere.

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25
Q

True or false: The Calvin cycle uses six molecules of carbon dioxide to produce a single 6-carbon sugar molecule.

A

True

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26
Q

What three factors affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A

Water, temperature, and light.

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27
Q

What is a calorie?

A

The amount of energy it takes to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree celsius.

28
Q

How many calories make up 1 Calorie?

A

1,000.

29
Q

What is the first stage of cellular respiration called?

A

Glycolysis

30
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

The process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen.

31
Q

What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration?

A

6O2 + C6H12O6 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy

32
Q

What are the second and third stages of cellular respiration?

A

The Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain.

33
Q

What would happen if cellular respiration was only one stage?

A

All the energy from glucose would be released at once.

34
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

In the cytosol.

35
Q

Where do the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain take place?

A

In the mitochindria

36
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

The process in which one molecule of glucose is broken in half, producing two molecules of pyruvic acid, a 3-carbon compound.

37
Q

What fuels glycolysis?

A

Two molecules of ATP.

38
Q

What is the net gain of ATP after glycolysis?

A

2 ATP

39
Q

What is NAD+?

A

An electron carrier that hold 4 high-energy electrons.

40
Q

What is the function of NAD+ in glycolysis?

A

Holding electrons until they are needed in other molecules, helping pass glucose to other cell parts.

41
Q

What does NAD+ become after glycolysis?

A

NADH

42
Q

What process is used to produce energy in cells without oxygen?

A

Fermentation.

43
Q

What is fermentation?

A

An anaerobic process that releases energy from food molecules by producing ATP.

44
Q

How does fermentation allow glycolysis to continue?

A

It turns NADH back into NAD+.

45
Q

What are the two main types of fermentation?

A

Alcoholic and lactic acid.

46
Q

What organisms use alcoholic fermentation?

A

Yeasts and other microorganisms

47
Q

What is the equation for alcoholic fermentation?

A

Pyruvic acid + NADH –> alcohol + carbon dioxide + NAD+

48
Q

What happens to alcohol produced from alcoholic fermentation when bread is baked?

A

The alcohol evaporates.

49
Q

What is the equation for lactic acid fermentation?

A

Pyruvic acid + NADH —> lactic acid + NAD+

50
Q

When is lactic acid fermentation most commonly used by human beings?

A

During rapid exercise.

51
Q

How much chemical energy from glucose is used during glycolysis?

A

10%

52
Q

True or false: The Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain are aerobic.

A

True

53
Q

What happens to pyruvic acid during the Krebs cycle?

A

It is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions.

54
Q

Why is the Krebs cycle often referred to as the citric acid cycle?

A

Citric acid is the first compound formed during the reactions of the Krebs cycle.

55
Q

When does the Krebs cycle begin?

A

When pyruvic acid produced during glycolsis enters the mitochondrion.

56
Q

What happens to the 3 carbon atoms in pyuvic acid when it is broken down?

A

1 becomes part of a carbon dioxide molecule while the other 2 join a compound called coenzyme A to form acetlyl-CoA.

57
Q

What happens to the carbon dioxide molecule produced when pyruvic acid is broken down?

A

It is released into the air.

58
Q

How is citric acid produced?

A

Acetyl-CoA adda a 2-carbon acetyl group to a 4-carbon molecule, producing a citric acid molecule.

59
Q

How many carbon dioxide molecules during the energy extraction part of the Krebs cycle?

A

2

60
Q

What is the “energy tally” from 1 molecule of pyruvic acid during the Krebs cycle?

A

4 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 ATP.

61
Q

Why is the 4-carbon compound generated in the breakdown of citric acid the only permanent compound in the Krebs cycle?

A

It accepts another 2-carbon acetyl group, starting the process over again.

62
Q

How many total ATP molecules are produced during cellular respiration?

A

36

63
Q

Why does oxygen allow more ATP molecules to produce?

A

The Krebs cycle and electron transport chain are aerobic.

64
Q

What happens to the leftover energy of glucose after all the ATP molecules are produced?

A

It is released as heat.

65
Q

What are three sources of ATP runners use before a race?

A

Their muscles, lactic acid fermentation, and cellular respiration.

66
Q

What is the only molecule that can be used to get rid of lactic acid?

A

Oxygen.

67
Q

True or false: Runners use lactic acid fermentation to supply energy for short races while they used cellular respiration for long races.

A

True

Biology Semester 1 (8 decks)

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