Biology Chapter 7: The Cardiovascular System

Question 1

What makes up the cardiovascular system?

Answer 1

Muscular four-chambered heart, blood vessels and blood

Question 2

What circulations does the heart support?

Answer 2

pulmonary circulation and the systemic circulation

Question 3

What are the two atrioventricular valves?

Answer 3

tricuspid on the right

mitral on the left

Question 4

How are the ventricles separated from the vasculature?

Answer 4

by the semilunar valves

Question 5

What are the two semilunar valves?

Answer 5

pulmonary on the right

aortic on the left

Question 6

What separates the atria?

Answer 6

atrioventricular valves

Question 7

What is the pathway of blood?

Answer 7

right atrium –tricuspid-> right ventricle –pulmonary-> pulmonary artery –> lungs –> pulmonary veins –> left atrium –mitral-> left ventricle –aortic valve-> aorta –> arteries –> arterioles –> arterioles –> capillaries –> venules –> veins –> venae cavae –> right atrium

Question 8

Why does the left side of the heart contain more muscle than the right side of the heart?

Answer 8

Systemic circulation has much higher resistance and pressure.

Question 9

What is the mode of travel for the electrical current of the heart?

Answer 9

sinoatrial node –> atrioventricular node –> bundle of His –> purkinje fibers

Question 10

Systole

Answer 10

The period during ventricular contraction when the AV valves are closed

Question 11

Diastole

Answer 11

the heart is relaxed and the semilunar valves are closed.

Question 12

Cardiac output

Answer 12

product of heart rate and stroke volume

Question 13

Arteries

Answer 13

thick, highly muscular structures with an elastic quality. This allows to recoil and helps to propel blood forward within the system.

Question 14

Capillaries

Answer 14

walls that are one cell thick, making them so narrow that red blood cells must travel through them in single-file lines - sites of gas and solute exchange

Question 15

Veins

Answer 15

inelastic, thin-walled structures that transport blood to the heart. They are able to stretch in order to accommodate large volumes of blood but do not have recoil capability. Veins are compressed by skeletal muscle

Question 16

Hepatic portal system

Answer 16

blood travels from the gut capillary beds to the liver capillary bed

Question 17

hypophyseal portal system

Answer 17

Blood travels from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary

Question 18

Renal portal system

Answer 18

blood travels from the glomerulus to the vasa recta

Question 19

Erythrocytes (red blood cells)

Answer 19

lack mitochondria, a nucleus, and organelles in order to make room for hemoglobin

Question 20

Hemoglobin

Answer 20

A protein that carries oxygen

Question 21

Hematocrit

Answer 21

the percent of blood composed of erythrocytes

Question 22

Leukocytes (White blood cells)

Answer 22

formed in the bone marrow - help in the immune system

Question 23

Granular leukocytes

Answer 23

Play a role in nonspecific immunity (neutrophils, esinophils and basophils)

Question 24

Agranular leukocytes

Answer 24

Play a role in specific immunity (lymphocytes and monocytes)

Question 25

Thrombocytes

Answer 25

Cell fragments from megakaryocytes that are required for coagulation

Question 26

Rh Factor

Answer 26

Dominant -- An Rh negative individual will only create anti-Rh antibodies after exposure to Rh positive blood

Question 27

Blood pressure

Answer 27

the force per unit area that is exerted on the walls of blood vessels by blood - systolic and diastolic components

Question 28

How can blood pressure be measured?

Answer 28

sphygmomanometer

Question 29

How is blood pressure maintained?

Answer 29

baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes

Question 30

Low pressure promotes:

Answer 30

aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone release

Question 31

High blood pressure promotes:

Answer 31

atrial natriuretic peptide release.

Question 32

Starling forces:

Answer 32

hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure

Question 33

hydrostatic pressure

Answer 33

pressure of the fluid within the blood vessel.

Question 34

Osmotic pressure

Answer 34

sucking pressure drawing water toward solutes.

Question 35

Oncotic pressure

Answer 35

Osmotic pressure due to proteins.

Question 36

Pressure at the capillary bed

Answer 36

hydrostatic pressure forces fluid out at the arteriolar end of a capillary bed; oncotic pressure draws it back in at the venule end.

Question 37

`Oxygen gradient in the lungs

Answer 37

High partial pressure of oxygen, leading to the loading of oxygen onto hemoglobin.

Question 38

Oxygen pressure in the tissues

Answer 38

Low partial pressure of oxygen, resulting in unloading

Question 39

Cooperative binding

Answer 39

Each successive oxygen bound to hemoglobin increases the affinity of the other subunits, while each successive oxygen released decreases the affinity of the other subunits.

Question 40

What is carbon dioxide generally carried in the blood as?

Answer 40

carbonic acid or bicarbonate and hydrogen ions

Question 41

What can cause a decreased affinity for oxygen?

Answer 41

``` A high PaCO2 High H+ Low pH High temperature High concentrations of 2,3-BPG ----> All cause a right shift in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve ```

Question 42

What causes a coagulation cascade?

Answer 42

when the endothelial lining of a blood vessel is damages, the collagen and tissue factor underlying the endothelial cells are exposed. -- cascade