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MCAT kaplan study prep > Biology Chapter 6: The Respiratory System > Flashcards

Biology Chapter 6: The Respiratory System Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

what are the special purposes of the nose and mouth during breathing ?

A

allowing air in and removing dirt and matter

they also warm and humidify the air before it reaches the lungs

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2
Q

where are the lungs located in the body?

A

Thoracic Cavity

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3
Q

Where does gas exchange occur?

A

In the lungs

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4
Q

where does air first enter the body?

A

The nares and then the nasal cavity and then through the mucous membrane and nasal hairs

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5
Q

what are vibrissae?

A

nasal hairs

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6
Q

Where is the Pharynx located?

A

behind the nasal cavity and the back of the mouth

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7
Q

does the Pharynx only allow the passage of air?

A

No but also the passage of food

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8
Q

Where is the Larynx located?

A

Bellow the Pharynx

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9
Q

Does the Larynx allow only the passage of air?

A

Yes

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10
Q

How does the Larynx only allow the passage of air?

A

Using the Epiglottis to cover the glottis during swallowing

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11
Q

where are the vocal chords located?

A

In the Larynx

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12
Q

how are the vocal chords maneuvered?

A

Using cartilage and skeletal muscle

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13
Q

where does the air go after it enters through the Larynx?

A

It enters the trachea

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14
Q

where does air go after it enters the trachea?

A

it will then be funneled into one of two Bronchi

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15
Q

what does the Bronchi and the trachea use to collect material that has passed through the mucous membrane?

A

Cilliated Epithelial cells

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16
Q

Where does the air go once it has passed the cilliated epithelial cells in the trachea and the bronchi?

A

the air divides into smaller Bronchioles

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17
Q

where does air go after it has entered the bronchioles?

A

it travels into air sacs called Aveoli

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18
Q

what lowers the surface tension of Aveoli?

A

Surfactants

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19
Q

How does the surfactant work?

A

lowers surface tension using a detergent

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20
Q

why are surfactants important?

A

by lowering surface tension, it prevents the aveoli from collapsing on itself

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21
Q

Are the Lungs the same size?

A

The left lung is smaller than the right lung

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22
Q

how many lobes does the right lung have?

A

three lobes

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23
Q

how many lobes does the left lung have?

A

two lobes

24
Q

why are the right and left lungs different from one another?

A

because of the location of the heart in the thoratic cavity.

25
Q

What is the membrane called that surrounds the lungs and what does it do?

A

Pleurae

it forms a sac around the lungs where they can expand

26
Q

what is the surface called that is adjacent to the lungs?

A

Visceral Pleura

27
Q

what is the membrane called on the outer part of the lungs?

A

Parietal pleura

28
Q

What is the most important muscle in regards to respiration?

A

The Diaphragm

29
Q

what does the diaphragm do?

A

creates negative pressure in the lungs and separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities from one another

30
Q

Which muscles are used to inhale?

A

external intercostal muscles and the diaphram

31
Q

when the diaphragm flattens, what happens to the volume in the lungs and the pressure in the lungs?

A

The volume in the lungs increases

the pressure in the lungs decreases

32
Q

Why does air enter the lungs during inhale?

A

Air enters the lungs because an increase in volume in the lungs means a decrease in pressure which means the pressure in the lungs are lower than the pressure in the environment
air moves from high pressure to low pressure so air moves into the lungs where there is low pressure

33
Q

Define total lung capacity (TLC)

A

max volume of air in the lungs when one inhales completely

34
Q

Define residual volume (RV)

A

the minimum volume of air in the lungs when one exhales completely

35
Q

Vital capacity of the lungs

A

difference between minimum and maximum of volume in air in the lungs (TLC-RV)

36
Q

define spirometer

A

what people use to measure the volume of air in the lungs

37
Q

Tidal Volume (TV)

A

volume of inhaled or exhaled in normal breath

38
Q

expriatory reserve volume (ERV)

A

the volume of additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after normal exhalation

39
Q

inspriatory reserve volume (IRV)

A

volume of additional air that can forcibly inhaled after a normal inhalation

40
Q

hypoxia define

A

low concentration of oxygen in the blood

41
Q

hypercarbia

A

high concentration of co2 in the blood

42
Q

breathing can be controlled “manually” through what part of the brain
breathing can be “over ridden” by what part of the brain?

A

Breathing can be controlled manually through the cerebrum

breathing can be over ridden by the body using the medula oblongata

43
Q

Name four things that the respiratory system helps with the body

A

gas exchange
thermoregulation
immune system
pH in blood

44
Q

Gas exchange is due to changes in what

A

partial pressure differences between carbon dioxide and oxygen in capillary beds

45
Q

Oxygen enters the blood stream carried by what?

A

hemoglobin

46
Q

deoxygenated blood travels from where into the capillary beds?

A

From the right ventricle

47
Q

oxygenated blood travels to where from the capillary beds?

A

Blood travels to the left atrium

48
Q

How does the respiratory system regulate thermoregulation?

A

using capillary beds, blood flow and heat transfer

49
Q

Vasodilation has what effect on thermo regulation

A

it increases the movement of blood, dissipating heat

50
Q

Vasoconstriction has what effect on thermoregulation?

A

decreases the movement of blood, containing heat

51
Q

Heat is regulated through what in the body?

A

through capillaries, sweat glands and muscle contraction

52
Q

Immune regulation through the respiratory system works how ?

A

the capillary beds have immune cells

macrophages, IgA and Mast cells work to signal infection, engulf pathogens, and cause inflammation

53
Q

Mucocilliary escalator

A

mucus and cillia going upward

so mucus can be sent outside of the body through coughing or swallowing

54
Q

What is the pH that the body maintains in the blood?

A

7.35-7.45

55
Q

If the blood is too acidic what does that mean and how does that get fixed?

A

The blood is too acidic means that there are too many H+ present, which means an increase in Co2 and then the body is then signaled to breathe more/faster

this is because more O2 then balances out the CO2 present

56
Q

if the blood is too basic what does that mean and how does that get fixed?

A

this gets fixed by reducing breathing

which means an increase in Co2 in the blood, causing a balance in the system

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