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mcat kaplan study prep > Biology Chapter 4: The Endocrine System > Flashcards

Biology Chapter 4: The Endocrine System Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

What are the different kinds of hormones? (3)

A

Peptide hormones, steroids, amino acid derivatives

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2
Q

Define Peptide hormones

A

peptide hormones are those that are derived from amino acids,
can be small or large,
charged (can not pass through plasma membrane)
they are called first messengers,
they are water soluble and can travel through the blood stream with ease

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3
Q

First hormone messengers

A

bind to a receptor that activates another signaling cascade known as the secondary messenger possibly amplifying the signal

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4
Q

Common secondary messengers

A

cAMP and IP3 and calcium

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5
Q

what happens when the hormone activates a g-protien coupled receptor?

A

the signal will either activate or inhibit an enzyme called adenylate cyclase, which raises or lowers the amount of cAMP present

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6
Q

cAMP does what in the cell

A

cAMP has the ability to intracellularly activate enzymes such as protien kinase A, which then phosphorylates transcription factors such as cAMP

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7
Q

what is the rate of peptide hormones?

A

they are generally rapid, but they are short lived because they act through secondary messengers
effects do not last without continuous stimulation

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8
Q

Steroid hormones Define

A
  • derived from cholesterol
  • produced by the gonads and adrenal cortex
  • non polar (easily transfer through the cell membrane)
  • receptors are intracellular or intranuclear
  • they create steroid/receptor complexes and can then bind to DNA and effect transcription
  • they are slower but they are longer lived effects because they effect the mRNA production
  • they are not water soluble, therefore need carriers in the blood stream
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9
Q

Define amino acid derivative hormones

A

they are less common than the other two kinds of hormones
they include: epinephrine, norepinephrine, thyroxine
derived from one or two amino acids

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10
Q

Catecholamines

A

epinephrine and norepinerphrine

bind to G protein coupled receptors

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11
Q

Where do thyroid hormones bind?

A

they bind intraceulluarly

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12
Q

define direct hormones

A

they are released and then they act directly on the tissue in question
insulin- increase up take of glucose by muscles

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13
Q

define tropic hormones

A

they require and intermediate to act
example:
GnRH (Gonadotrophin- releasing hormone) stimulates the release of the luteinizing hormone (LH) and Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
LH then acts on the gonads

they usually originate from the brain or anterior pituitary gland

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14
Q

Define Hypothalamus

A

Bridge between nervous system and the endocrine system

regulates the pituitary gland using Trophic hormones organism wide effects

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15
Q

where is the hypothalamus located?

A

in the forbrain
above the pituitary gland
below the Thalamus

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16
Q

where does the hypothalamus receive its information?

A

from all around the body

blood, retinas ect…

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17
Q

what regulates the release of hormones by the hypothalamus?

A

A Negative feed back loop

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18
Q

Define a negative feedback loop

A

when a product later in a pathway inhibits products earlier in the pathway
prevents wasted energy by restricting production of products that are already present in sufficient quantities

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19
Q

Pituitary gland has how many sides that interact with the hypothalamus?

A

two, anterior and posterior

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20
Q

How does the Anterior Pituitary gland interact with the hypothalamus?

A

Hormones travel down the seal connection blood pathway from the hypothalamus into the anterior pituitary and then bind to receptors that release other hormones

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21
Q

Define the hypophyseal portal system

A

blood vessel that connects the hypothalamus with the anterior pituitary gland

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22
Q

Gonadotrophin - releasing hormone (GnRH) from they hypothalmus activates what hormone in the anterior pituitary gland?

A 
follicle- stimulating hormone (FSH) 
Leutinizing hormone (LH)

they act on the gonads (ovaries and testes)

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23
Q

Growth hormone releasing Hormone (GHRH) from the hypothalamus activates what hormone in the pituitary gland?

A

Growth hormone (GH)

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24
Q

Thyroid releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus activates what hormones in the anterior pituitary gland ?

A

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

this hormone acts on thyroid

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25
Q

Corticotrophin- releasing factor (CRF) from the hypothalmus releases what hormone from the anterior pituitary gland?

A

adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

this hormone acts on the adrenal cortex

26
Q

Define Axes in terms of hormone feedback loops

A

once the amount of substance that was signaled has reached its maximum, it will then tell the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland that enough of the substance has been created and will signal the organs to stop signaling

27
Q

Interactions between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary gland

A

posterior pituitary does not receive tropic hormones
Axons run down the pituitary stalk and into the posterior pituitary and then when signaled, hormones oxytocin and antiduriretic hormones are released

28
Q

Define Oxytocin

A

hormone that stimulates uterine contractions during labor as well as milk let down during lactation

positive feedback loop

29
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) also know as vasopressin does what?

A

increases re absorption of water in the collecting ducts of the kidney.
this is activated when there is an increase in concentration of solutes within the blood
also due to plasma osmolarity

30
Q

How many different products does the anterior pituitary gland release?

A

7 products

4 tropic hormones and 3 direct hormones

31
Q

Define Endorphins

A

decrease the perception of pain

32
Q

Where is the thyroid located?

A

in front of the trachea, organ near the base of the neck

33
Q

what are the functions of the thyroid?

A

setting a basal metabolic rate and calcium homeostasis

34
Q

what does the thyroid use to control calcium concentrations?

A

Calcitonin

35
Q

what does the thyroid use to control the basal metabolic rate?

A

triiodothyronine (t3) and thyroxine (t4)

36
Q

T3 and T4 purposes? and how?

A

they function by making energy production more efficient or less efficient as well as altering the utilization of glucose and fatty acids

37
Q

what happens when there is an increased amount of T3 and T4?

A

cellular respiration will increase therefore speeding up the degregation of the sugars and fatty acids present in the blood
controlled by a negative feed back loop

38
Q

define hypothyroidism

A

deficiency in iodine or inflamation of the thyroid

thyroid hormones do not get secreted at all or very little

39
Q

describe some symptoms associated with hypothyroidism

A

lethargy, decreased body temp, slowed respiratory rate and heart rate weight gain

40
Q

define hyperthyroidism

A

over production of iodine, excess thyroid hormone

41
Q

symptoms of hyperthyroidism

A

higher activity, increased body temp, heat intolerance, weight loss

42
Q

name the three ways that Calcitonin works to decrease calcium in the plasma

A

increase Ca2+ excretion from the kidneys
decrese Ca2+ absorption from the gut and
increase Ca2+ storage in the bone

43
Q

what is the parathyroid glands?

A

four pea sized structures that sit on the posterior surface of the thyroid
the hormone produced is parathyroid hormone (PTH)

44
Q

where are the adrenal glands located?

A

on top of the kidneys

each gland has a cortex and a medulla

45
Q

where are the adrenal glands located?

A

on top of the kidneys

each gland has a cortex and a medulla

46
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

Steroid Hormones that regulate glucose levels

they also affect protien metabolism

47
Q

what are the main two kinds of glucocorticoids?

A

cortisol and cortisone

48
Q

how does cortisol and cortisone work?

A

they raise glucose in the blood by increasing glucogensis and decreasing protien synthesis

49
Q

mineralocorticoids

A

used in salts and water homeostasis, profound effect on the Kidneys

50
Q

Aldosterone

A

increases sodium re-absorption in the distal convoluted tube and collecting duct of the of the nepheron
also promotes excretion of potassium and hydrogen ions

51
Q

Cortical Sex Hormones

A

made by the adrenal glands

52
Q

what are the three main functions of corticosteroids

A

Salt
Sugar
Sex

53
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

inside of the adrenal cortex
responsible for the production of sympathetic hormones
epinephrine and norepinerphrine

54
Q

Pancreas

A

both exocrine and endocrine systems

55
Q

define glucagon

A

secreted during times of fasting
when glucose levels run low
stimulates the break down of proteins and of fats and the conversion into glucose via glucogenisis

56
Q

Define Insulin

A

released when blood glucose levels are high
insulin stimulates the muscles and liver cells to take up the glucose present in the blood and to store it for later

also stimulates fats and protien synthesis

57
Q

hypoglycemia define

A

when insulin is too high

and the blood glucose levels are too low

58
Q

Diabetes Mellitus aka hyperglycemia

A

is the body’s insensitivity to insulin

59
Q

Type 1 Diabetes define

A

autoimmune destruction of the beta cells of the pancreas, these people produce little or no insulin
these patients need constant insulin to prevent hyperglycemia and to induce glucose uptake

60
Q

Type 2 Diabetes Define

A

Receptor level insulin insensitivity
partially inherited and partially environmental
obesity and high carbohydrate diet
these patients require insulin when their bodies can not break down glucose

61
Q

Somatostatin

A

inhibitor of glucogon and insulin
high blood glucose and amino acid present in the blood stimulate the production
produced by the hypothalmus

62
Q

Pineal Gland

A

located deep within the brain

where it secretes hormone called Melatonin

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