Biology Ch. 3

Question 1

Nitrogen Fixation vs. Nitrification

Answer 1

NF: converts N2 to NH4+
Nitrification: converts NH4+ to NO2-

Question 2

Steps of Viral Life Cycle

Answer 2

Attachment
Entry
Uncoating
Synthesis/Replication
Self-Assembly
Release

Question 3

Prophage vs. Provirus

Answer 3

Prophage: viral genome in bacterial genome.
Provirus: viral genome in eukaryotic genome.

Question 4

Types of Viral Infection:
Acute
Chronic
Latent
Slow Progressing

Answer 4

A: quick onset, viral load increases and decreases quickly.
C: high initial viral load, then low viral load persists for a long time.
L: long lasting, includes intermittent phases of increased and decreased viral load.
SP: high viral load followed by long period of low viral load; eventually spikes back up.

Question 5

Antigenic Drift vs. Antigenic Shift

Answer 5

AD: gradual mutation of antigens; allows virus to infect same host multiple times.
AS: mix of genes of multiple viruses; increases virus host range.

Question 6

Plant-Like Protists

Answer 6

Photosynthetic; have chloroplasts
Aquatic environments.
Ex: dinoflagellates, euglenoids, diatoms, algae (not a formal group).

Question 7

Fungus-Like Protists

Answer 7

Slime molds/water molds.
Reproduce via spores.
Do not contain chitin.
Heterotrophic- saprobes and decomposers.

Question 8

Animal-Like Protists

Answer 8

Motile (cilia, flagella, pseudopodia).
Heterotrophic; can be phagocytic.
Ex: paramecium, foraminifera, amoeba.

Question 9

Mycelium

Answer 9

Network of fungi filaments (hyphae) that connect fungi together.
Secrete enzymes that break down organic matter.
Release nutrients for absorption by hyphae.

Question 10

Filamentous vs. Non-Filamentous Hyphae

Answer 10

F: multicellular; molds and mushrooms; sexual or asexual reproduction.
NF: unicellular; yeasts; reproduce asexually through budding.

Question 11

Coenocytic Hyphae vs. Septate Hyphae

Answer 11

C: no division/cytokinesis; multinucleated.
S: have septa (cell walls) that separate hyphae.

Question 12

Bryophytes vs. Tracheophytes

Answer 12

B: no vascular system; mosses, liverworts/hornworts; don’t grow vertically; dominant gametophyte stage.
T: have vascular system; xylem transports water/minerals from roots; phloem transports carbs made from PS; grow tall and vertically; dominant sporophyte stage.

Question 13

Seedless Tracheophyte

Answer 13

Ferns

Question 14

Two types of Seed-Bearing Tracheophytes

Answer 14

Gymnosperms: no flowers; naked seeds; 2n; conifers.
Angiosperms: have flowers; bear seeds in fruit; double fertilization; monocots and dicots.

Question 15

Monocots vs. Dicots

Answer 15

M: one cotyledon; parallel veins; scattered vascular bundles, fibrous root system; flowers in multiples of 3.
D: two cotyledons; net like veins; ringed vascular bundles; large single tap root; flowers in multiples of 4 or 5.

Question 16

Plants:
Epidermis
Palisade Mesophyll
Spongy Mesophyll
Guard Cells

Answer 16

E: protective layer covered with cuticle to reduce transpiration.
PM: has cells with chloroplasts and is primary site for leaf PS.
SM: intracellular spaces for gas travel.
GC: specialized epidermal cells that control opening of stomata and permit gas exchange.