Biology Ch. 1 Flashcards
Reactions that form and break macromolecules
Form: dehydration; produces H2O.
Break: hydrolysis.
Properties of Water
Excellent solvent
High heat capacity
More dense as liquid
Cohesion
Adhesion
Vitamin Types and What They Do
Water Soluble: Vit B (coenzymes/metabolic precursors); Vit C (collagen synthesis).
Fat Soluble: A (vision, epithelium); D (Ca absorption); E (Antioxidant); K (blood clotting).
3 Disaccharides to Know
Sucrose = glucose and fructose
Lactose = glucose and galactose
Maltose = glucose and glucose
Carbohydrates with alpha bonds and beta bonds
Alpha: starch and glycogen
Beta: cellulose and chitin
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids
Porphyrins
T: glycerol + 3 FAs
P: 2 FAs + phosphate group attached to glycerol
S: three 6 membered rings and one 5 membered ring
P: 4 pyrrole rings with a metal center atom.
How Cell Membranes respond to Temp Differences
In Cold: cholesterol and unsaturated FA added to increase fluidity.
In Hot: cholesterol and saturated FA added.
Purines vs. Pyrimidines
Purines: 2 rings, A and G
Pyrimidines: 1 ring, T, C, U
Nucleosides vs. Nucleotides
NS: sugar + nitrogenous base
NT: sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate group
Things that can pass CM
Small, uncharged, hydrophobic molecules
Can’t: large, polar, charged
(glucose, ions)
Nucleus and Nucleolus
Nucleus: contains DNA and coordinates activities such as protein synthesis and reproduction.
Nucleolus: ribosome/rRNA sunthesis.
Rough ER
Continuous with outer nuclear membrane.
Covered in ribosomes.
Protein synthesis
Lumen allows post-translational modifications.
Smooth ER
Synthesis of lipids and steroid hormones.
Break down drugs and toxins.
Golgi Apparatus
Sorts, modifies, and transports proteins.
Makes lysosomes.
Lysosomes
Made by Golgi
Contain digestive enzymes with low pH.
Apoptosis, autophagy, breakdown of nutrients, bacteria, debris.
Peroxisomes
Common in liver and kidney
Breakdown FA and AA
Generates H2O2 to oxidize substrates.
Vacuoles
Transport and move materials.
Food: transports food and fuses with lysosomes
Central: (plants) stores water, exerts turgor.
Contractile: pump water outside of cells to prevent bursting.
Microtubules
Intermediate Filaments
Microfilaments
MT: tubulin, support/motility, spindle. Also cilia, flagella, centrioles.
IF: maintain cell shape, keratin.
MF: two actin strands, motility, cleavage furrow.
Plastids
Variety of organelles serving various metabolic activities such as chloroplasts for PS.