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Biology > Biology Ch 14 > Flashcards

Biology Ch 14 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How does growth change cells?

A

Size and dry mass

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2
Q

Growth is bought by which two processes?

A

Cell division and Cell enlargement

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3
Q

What do cells do in cell division

A

Mitotic cell division

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4
Q

How does mitotic cell division enhance growth?

A

Increase the number of cells

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5
Q

How do cells enlarge themselves? (Animals)

A

Synthesize new materials in cytoplasm -> increase in the size of the cells

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6
Q

How do cells enlarge themselves? (Plants)

A

Absorbing water into vacuoles thru osmosis

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7
Q

What does development bring to cells?

A

Increase their complexity

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8
Q

What is the process that increases their complexity?

A

Cell differentiation

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9
Q

How does cell differentiation works?

A

Specialize the cell to perform a particular function -> form tissues, systems, organs

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10
Q

What are the ways to measure growth?

A

Size, Fresh mass, Dry mass

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11
Q

Size can be measured in terms of? (their examples)

A

Length and height (human or roots), surface area (flat structure), volume (irregular shapes)

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12
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of measuring their size?

A

Adv: measure can be continuous, easy & convenient

Disadv: not all dimensions are taken into account

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13
Q

What does fresh mass measure?

A

Total mass including its water content

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14
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of measuring their fresh mass?

A

Adv: measure can be continuous, easy & convenient

Disadv: fresh mass may be affected by water content

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15
Q

What does dry mass measure?

A

its biomass/mass when water is removed

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16
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of measuring their dry mass?

A

Adv: measurement is accurate

Disadv: the organism is killed, a large amount of seed is required, time-consuming, not suitable for large organism

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17
Q

How do we measure the dry mass of an organism?

A

Heat the organism in the oven for 100 C until constant mass is obtained upon repeated weighting

18
Q

Radicle develops into what?

A

Root

19
Q

Plumule develops into what?

A

Shoot

20
Q

Cotyledons act in what role?

A

Food reserves

21
Q

What are the necessities for seed germination?

A

Water, warmth, oxygen

22
Q

How does water allow better seed germination?

A
  1. Soften the seed coat and make cotyledon swell
  2. Activitate enzyme
  3. Reactant for hydrolysis
  4. Medium for transporting food substance
23
Q

How does warmth allow better seed germination?

A

Allow enzyme to work properly

24
Q

How does oxygen allow better seed germination?

A

Carry out respiration -> provide energy for growth

25
Q

Process of seed germination

A
  1. Water is absorbed and activates the enzyme
  2. Radical starts to grow -> form root
  3. Hypocotyl lifts cotyledon
  4. Green leaves start to grow
  5. Cotyledon falls off
26
Q

Difference of graph of fresh mass and dry mass

A

Whole Seeding :
-Fresh mass: increase the whole time
-Dry mass: decrease then increase (stored
food used)
Cotyledon:
-Fresh mass: increase then decrease
-Dry mass: decreases the whole time

27
Q

Primary Growth of plants

A
  1. Grow in tip of roots and shoots
  2. Increase the length of the plant
28
Q

Secondary Growth of plants

A

-> Lateral Meristems
1. Grow in the periphery of the stem and root
2. Increase the thickness of the plant

29
Q

3 regions of the primary growth in roots

A
  1. Region of cell division (tip of the plant)
  2. Region of cell elongation
  3. Region of cell differentiation
30
Q

What happens in the region of cell division?

A
  1. Contains apical meristem
  2. No vacuoles
  3. Mitotic cell division occur
31
Q

What happens in the region of cell elongation?

A
  1. Take in water -> many small vacuoles
  2. Push apical meristems downwards -> root
    grows down
32
Q

What happens in the region of cell differentiation?

A
  1. Small vacuoles fuse into large vacuoles
  2. Cell wall becomes thick and rigid
  3. Differentiate into different types of cell
33
Q

What happens in the shoot during primary growth?

A

—Hv region of cell division, region of cell
elongation, region of cell differentiation
—Push apical meristem upward -> continue to
grow

34
Q

What causes the secondary growth in the root and stem?

A

The activity of vascular cambium
-lateral meristem found between the xylem and
phloem

35
Q

How do annual rings grow/appear?

A

Spring and Summer:
-> Produce xylem which has a thinner cell wall
and larger
-> Light in colour

Autumn and Winter:
-> Produce xylem which has a thicker cell wall
and smaller
-> Dark in colour

35
Q

What is an annual plant?

A

Plants that grow once a year

35
Q

What happens during secondary growth at the stem and root?

A
  1. Cell in the vascular cambium differentiate
    -> secondary xylem toward INSIDE
    -> secondary phloem toward OUTSIDE
  2. Increase the thickness and form wood
35
Q

How does the graph of an annual plant look like?

A
  1. Decrease at first
    -> Food stored in seed is broken down
  2. Increase then
    -> Start to do photosynthesis
    -> Rate of photosynthesis > rate of respiration
  3. Decrease finally
    -> Dispersal of fruits and seeds
36
Q

How does the growth graph of humans look like?

A
  1. After birth, grow rapidly (first growth spurt)
  2. Growth slows down in childhood
  3. Grow rapidly again in adolescence
    (second growth spurt)
  4. Maximum size in adulthood
  5. Negative growth in old stage
37
Q

What are the different growth rates of different parts of the body?

A
  1. Relative size of head decrease
  2. Relative size of limb increase
  3. Relative size of trunk nearly the same
  4. Growth of sexual organs starts at puberty
38
Q

Special characteristic of puberty among boys and girls

A

Girls enter puberty earlier than boys

Biology (5 decks)

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