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Biology > Biology Ch 15 > Flashcards

Biology Ch 15 Flashcards

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1
Q

How does irritability help organisms to survive?

A
  1. Allow them to find food
  2. Allow them to find mates
  3. Allow them to detect danger
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2
Q

Type of receptors and their use

A
  1. Photoreceptors -> detect light
  2. Mechanoreceptors -> detect pressure &
    sound
  3. Thermoreceptors -> detect temperature
  4. Chemoreceptors -> chemical in food/air
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3
Q

Process of stimuli to response

A

Receptor -> Stimuli -> Coordinator -> effotors -> Response

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4
Q

Structure AROUND the eyes

A
  1. Eyelid, Eyebrow, Eyelash
  2. Tear gland, Tear duct
    *Conjunctiva -> 眼白
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5
Q

Sclera

A
  1. Protect the inner structure and maintain
    the shape of the eye
  2. Provide surface muscle attachment
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6
Q

**Cornea

A
  1. Transparent -> refract light
  2. No capillaries
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7
Q

Chloroid

A
  1. Black -> absorb light -> prevent efraction
  2. Supply nutrients and oxygen to sclera and
    retina
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8
Q

**Iris

A
  1. Control the size of pupil -> regulate amount of
    light enter eyes
    Different colours
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9
Q

Pupil

A
  1. Allow light to enter eyes
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10
Q

Retina

A
  1. Contain many photoreceptors
    (Cone cell or rod cell)
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11
Q

Optic nerve

A
  1. Transmits nerve impulse to cerebrum
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12
Q

Yellow Spot and Blind Spot

A

Yellow Spot: High conc. of CONE CELL
Blind Spot: NO any photoreceptors

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13
Q

*Lens

A
  1. Transparent -> refract and focus light
  2. Elastic and Biconvex
  3. No nuclei or capillaries
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14
Q

**Suspensory ligaments and ciliary body

A
  1. Ligament is connected to ciliary body
  2. Ciliary muscle control the tension of ligament
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15
Q

**Aqueous humour and Vitreous humour

A
  1. Aqueous humour provides nutrients and
    oxygen to cornea and lens
  2. Vitreous humour refracts light and maintains
    shape
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16
Q

*****Process of how we see

A
  1. Light enters eyes and refracted
    (cornea, lens, aqueous/vitreous humour)
  2. Image form on retina
  3. Photoreceptors generate nerve impulse ->
    send to visual centre along optic nerve
  4. Upright image formed in visual centre
17
Q

Rod Cells

A
  1. More than cone cells
  2. More sensitive in dim light environment
  3. Responsible for BLACK and WHITE vision
18
Q

Cone cells

A
  1. More sensitive in bright light environment
  2. Responsible for COLOUR vision (RGB)
19
Q

Distribution of photoreceptors

A

Cone Cells: mainly focus on yellow spot
Rod Cells: everywhere in retina
NO PHOTORECEPTORS IN BLIND SPOT

20
Q

Seeing in bright light

A
  1. Circular muscles contract
  2. Radial muscles relax
  3. Pupil constricts
21
Q

Seeing in dim light

A
  1. Circular muscles relax
  2. Radial muscles contract
  3. Pupil dilates
22
Q

Seeing near object

A
  1. Ciliary muscle contract
  2. Tention of suspensory ligaments reduced
  3. Lens become thicker -> refract more light
23
Q

Seeing distant object

A
  1. Ciliary muscle relax
  2. Temtion of suspensory ligaments increased
  3. Lens become thinner -> refract less light
24
Q

Short sight

A
  1. Can’t see distant thing clearly
  2. Eyeball too long / lens too thick -> image form
    in front of retina
  3. Wear concave lens
25
Q

Long sight

A
  1. Can’t see near thing clearly
  2. Eyeball too short / lens too thin -> image form
    behind
  3. Wear convex lens
26
Q

Colour blindness

A
  1. Red-green colour blindness
    (Total colour blindness is rare)
  2. Definciency or defect of cone cell
  3. Can’t be cure by wearing glasses
27
Q

Out ear

A

Pinna: collect sound wave
Eardrum: convert sound wave to vibrations

28
Q

Middle ear

A

Ear bones: amplify and transmit vibrations
Oval window: transmit vibrations to inner ear
Round window: Release fluid pressure
Eustachian Tube: Equalize air pressure

29
Q

Inner ear

A

Cochlea:
Endolymph->many sensory hair cells
Sensory hair cells vibrate -> nerve impluse
-> go to auditory centre

Semicircular canal: (NOT ABOUT HEARING)
-> detect head movements -> maintain balance

30
Q

Process of how we hear

A
  1. Sound wave direct to eardrum
  2. Sound wave convert to vibrations (Eardrum)
  3. Amplified and transmit vibrations (Ear bones)
  4. oval window -> perilymph vibrate
    5.Vribations transmit to endolymph
  5. Sensory hair cells generate nerve impluse to
    auditory centre
  6. Release fluid pressure (round window)
31
Q

Phototropism of plants

A
  1. Shoot grow toward light (positive phototropism)
  2. Root grow away form light (negative phototropism)
32
Q

Conclusion of 4 experiments

A
  1. Tip is necessary for growth and detect light
  2. Auxins are chemical in nature -> can transmit to lower part
  3. Auxins will move to shaded side
  4. Higher conc. of auxins will grow more rapidly
  5. Light will cause uneven distribution of auxins
33
Q

Where can i find auxins

A

Tips -> Region of elongation

34
Q

Effect on auxin conc. on growth of shoot and root

A

High conc. -> PROMOTE shoot growth but INHIBIT root growth
Low conc. -> PROMOTE root growth

35
Q

If light comes from every direction, what happen to the plant?

A

Auxins distrubute evenly -> grow vertically

36
Q

If light comes from one direction, what happen?

A

Auxins move to shaded side -> high conc. pf auxin promote shoot growth and inhibit root growth

Biology (5 decks)

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