Biology CH:12 Respiration Flashcards
What are External and Internal Respiration?
1) External respiration is a process by which organism exchange gases with their environment.
2) Internal respiration is the controlled release of energy from food. (usually glucose)
What are Aerobic and Anaerobic respirations?
(known as internal respiration)
1) Aerobic respiration is the controlled release of energy from food using oxygen. (two-stage process)
2) Anaerobic respiration is the controlled release of energy from food without using oxygen. (one-stage process)
What is fermentation?
Fermentation is another name for Anaerobic respiration
Stage 1 (Aerobic respiration)
1) Also called Glycolysis
2) Is an anaerobic process (does not required oxygen)
3) Take place in the cytosol of the cell
4) Forms two ATP molecules
5) Produces Pyruvic acid as an end product
6) Releases one electron and proton which combines with HAD+ to form NADH molecules.
Glycolysis
Is the convention of glucose molecule into two molecules of pyruvic acid
Stage 2 (Aerobic respiration)
1) Is an aerobic process
2) If oxygen present, pyruvic acid enters a mitochondrion.
3) loses two carbon dioxide to form two carbon-molecule called Acetyl coenzyme A (Acetyl CoA).
4) Pyruvic acid also loses two high-energy electron (2e-) and a proton (H+).
5) Electrons and a proton combines with NAD+ to form NADH.
Krebs cycle (Aerobic respiration)
1) Acetyl coenzyme A is broken down to carbon dioxide and protons in a number of reactions
2) The energy that was in acetyl CoA is released in a number of steps in the form of high energy electrons
3) These electrons are picked up by NAD+ to form NADH. The NADH molecules enter an electron transport system.
4) In kerbs cycle a single ADP (and a phosphate) is converted to ATP and water.
Electron transport system
1) The electron transport systems or chains are located on the inner membrane of the mitochondrion
2) Increased surface area by the infolding of the inner membrane allows larger number of these system to fit on the membrane.
3) Each electron transport system mostly consist of proteins.
4) High energy electrons are passed from NADH to electrons and NAD+ + H+.
5) some of the energy released by the electrons is used to form ATP.
6) At the end of each system, low energy electrons are removed by combining them with oxygen and hydrogen to form water.
Biotechnology
Is the use of living things or their components to manufacture useful product or to carry out useful reaction
Bioreactor
Is a vessel in which the biological reactions take place
Anaerobic respiration (stage 1)
1) Take place in the cytosol in the cell.
2) It can occur in the presence of oxygen, but it does not use oxygen.
3) Releases small amount of energy.
4) Far less efficient process then aerobic respiration
5) Glucose is partially broken down
What are two common type if Fermentation?
Lactic acid fermentation and Alcohol fermentation
Lactic acid fermentation
1) Occurs in some fungi and bacteria and in human muscle.
2) Occur when there is short off oxygen
3) The three carbon molecules are converted to lactic acid.
4) This is a partial breakdown of pyruvic acid
Lactic acid (humans)
1) Take places in humans muscle when the supply of oxygen to the muscle is not sufficient to meet its energy needs
2) Lactic acid builds in the muscle, causing cramps and muscle stiffness.
3) When the person rests, the lactic acid is taken to the liver by the blood and broken down.
Alcohol fermentation
1) Take palace in some bacteria, in fungi and in plants.
2) The three carbon molecules are converted to ethanol and carbon dioxide. (Also a end product of Alcohol fermentation)
3) Partial breakdown of glucose
