BIOLOGY-CELL TRANSPORT

Question 1

What is the entry and exit of molecules in the cells controlled by?

Answer 1

The cell surface membrane

Question 2

What does the cell surface membrane surround?

Answer 2

The cytoplasm of the cell

Question 3

How is the membrane described as

Answer 3

Partially permeable

Question 4

What does the cell membrane consist of?

Answer 4

Proteins
Glycoproteins
Phospholipids
Carbohydrates

Question 5

What does the phospholipid molecules form?

Answer 5

Double layer that are constantly moving around one another

Question 6

Explain why the model for membrane structure is known as a fluid Mosiac model

Answer 6

The model is said to be fluid because the phospholipids are able to move
The model is said to be Mosiac because the proteins are randomly distributed. It’s called a model because it is the theory we have the most evidence for

Question 7

What is the selective permeability of the cell membrane related to?

Answer 7

To the type and distribution of specific proteins and phospholipid molecule present in the membrane

Question 8

What are intrinsic proteins?

Answer 8

Membrane proteins which are embedded completely or partly within the lipid bilayer of the membrane

Question 9

What are extrinsic proteins?

Answer 9

Loosely bound proteins that are located outside the membrane

Question 10

What are the hydrophobic tails attracted towards

Answer 10

Towards each other

Question 11

Which molecules does the phospholipid bilayer allow?

Answer 11

Lipid soluble molecules

Question 12

How does the phospholipid bilayer allow lipids soluble to pass?

Answer 12

By simple diffusion which prevents the passage of small polar molecules like ions

Question 13

What does cholesterol do?

Answer 13

Decreases permeability and increases the stability of the membrane

Question 14

What does more cholesterol mean?

Answer 14

less fluidity of the membrane

Question 15

Do all types of cell have the same cholesterol?

Answer 15

No

Question 16

What is the function of channel proteins?

Answer 16

They are like Pores within the membrane that only allow specific charge ions to move across the membrane by facilitated diffusion

Question 17

What type of structures do proteins have?

Answer 17

Specific tertiary structures, so they are specific and can only transport molecules that are complementary to the shape of the channel protein

Question 18

What is the function of carrier proteins?

Answer 18

The aid the transport of ions and large molecules, for example, glucose and amino acids, by facilitated diffusion and active transport

Question 19

What do carrier proteins have?

Answer 19

Have a binding site at a substrate that changes shape and their specific to each substance in due to shape of binding sote

Question 20

What are receptor proteins?

Answer 20

Cell communications

Question 21

Where are enzymes embedded?

Answer 21

In cell membrane

Question 22

What is the structure enzymes?

Answer 22

They have a specific active site which is complementary to its substrate, allowing them to bind and form enzyme substrate complexes

Question 23

What are glycoproteins?

Answer 23

They’re composed of carbohydrates and proteins and are on the outer surface of the membrane and are important in cell recognition often acting as antigens

Question 24

What do the immune cells detect?

Answer 24

The specific shapes of the glycol proteins to identify if the cells are foreign

Question 25

Where are glycol proteins produced?

Answer 25

In the Golgi body within the cell that displays them

Question 26

What do all cells have?

Answer 26

Glycoproteins in the surface cell membrane

Question 27

What are Aquaporins

Answer 27

A special type of channel proteins specific to water

Question 28

What happens if a cell has a lot of aquaporins

Answer 28

It will be permeable to water and will carry out osmosis easily

Question 29

What do carrier proteins do?

Answer 29

Carry larger molecules through membrane

Question 30

What is diffusion?

Answer 30

Net movement on molecules from area of high concentration to a low concentration across a partially permeable membrane

Question 31

What is the function of PCT

Answer 31

Selective reabsorption of amino acids

Question 32

What does the renal vein do?

Answer 32

Carry blood away from the kidney to the heart

Question 33

What hormone regulates that absorption of water in collecting duct?

Answer 33

ADH

Question 34

How does the difference in diameters help the process of ultrafiltration?

Answer 34

Causes high pressure due to description of aids pushing small molecules from blood into filtrate

Question 35

What is the function of the loop of henle

Answer 35

To create a very high concentration of salts in the tissue fluid of the kidney

Question 36

Give advantage of having a kidney transplant

Answer 36

No need for dialysis

Question 37

Why does amoeba need many mitochondria?

Answer 37

For movement of the contractile

Question 38

Why is time delay important at the AV node as the impulse spreads

Answer 38

To allow the atria to finish contracting, so blood goes from atria into ventricles to allow time for the valves to close before the ventricles start to contract

Question 39

Explain why the student has a higher rate of oxygen consumption when cycling them when at rest

Answer 39

Increased muscle contraction using more ATP, so aerobic respiration in mitochondria gets rid of the lactic acid and re-oxygenates the myoglobin

Question 40

What is the plasma membrane made of?

Answer 40

Phospholipids Cholesterol Protein Carbohydrates

Question 41

What are Channel proteins?

Answer 41

These proteins allow water to pass through the membrane

Question 42

What does carrier protein do

Answer 42

These cause a change in shape, which allows a substance from the outside of cell move to the inside

Question 43

What is a function of the bicuspid valve?

Answer 43

Prevents backflow of blood From left ventricle to the left atrium

Question 44

How do electrical impulses spread?

Answer 44

From sinoatrial node from the atria to the atrioventricular node and then a time delay happens down to the bundle of his up the purkinje fibres

Question 45

How do you find percentage decrease?

Answer 45

Difference/original x100

Question 46

How does caffeine change the cardiac output of the daphinia

Answer 46

Caffeine increases the cardiac output Because heart rate is increased Caffeine is a stimulant and binds to the receptors Increasing the stoke volume

Question 47

Explain why anyone can be given type O blood

Answer 47

No antigens in group O So no binding with recipients antibodies No clotting

Question 48

What is myogenic?

Answer 48

When the muscle contracts on its own, without any signal from the brain, and they generate their own electrical impulses

Question 49

What does the coronary artery do?

Answer 49

Carries blood that contains oxygen to the heart muscle

Question 50

Explain how a blocked coronary artery may lead to a heart attack

Answer 50

Less oxygen to the heart muscles So less respiration and less energy so part of the heart dies so the heart cannot beat

Question 51

Which term describes the patient’s resting heart rate?

Answer 51

Tachycardia

Question 52

What is the function of the vena cava

Answer 52

Carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart

Question 53

Give three functions of the capillaries

Answer 53

Carries oxygenated blood to cell Absorbs nutrients in the gut Slows the blood flow so exchange can occur