Biology C190 Set 3 Flashcards
Symbiosis
a type of direct community interaction between pairs of species that are intimately and physically connected, with a smaller species (symbiont) living in or on the body of another species
Mutualism
a type of interspecific interaction where both species benefit
Predation
a type of interspecific interaction where one species (predator) kills and eats the other species (prey)
Herbivory
eats plants
Competition
a type of interspecific interaction where both species are harmed
Parasitism
a symbiotic relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or in another organism, the host, causing harm
Parasitism
a symbiotic relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or in another organism, the host, causing harm
Commensalism
a type of interspecific interaction where one species is unaffected and the other species benefits
Foundation species
a species that are physically dominant (largest and/or most abundant) in communities
Keystone Species
a species that has an unexpectedly strong effect on the stability or diversity of a community that is much larger than its abundance or biomass would suggest
Ecosystem
all the living (biotic) things in a particular area together with the abiotic (nonliving) materials and conditions in that area
Trophic Levels
Any of the sequential stages in a food chain, occupied by producers at the bottom and in turn by primary, secondary, and tertiary consumers. Decomposers (detritivores) are considered their own
Producers
organisms that make simple organic food molecules from inorganic raw materials using light energy from the sun and do not consume other living organisms to obtain nutrients
Primary consumers
organisms that consume or feeds on plants
Secondary Consumers
organisms that consume or feed on primary consumers
Detritivores
animals that feed on dead organic matter
Biogeochemical cycles
pathways that chemical elements follow through ecosystems
Water cycle
the biogeochemical cycle through which water moves between the oceans, atmosphere, glaciers, soil, and fresh water
Carbon cycle
the biogeochemical cycle through which carbon flows between the atmosphere, water, land, and ecosystems
Nitrogen cycle
biogeochemical cycle through which nitrogen moves through terrestrial ecosystems. Bacteria play multiple roles in the cycle
Photosynthesis
a metabolic pathway that uses light energy to build carbohydrates from CO2
Co2+H2O+light->sugar+O2
Matter
anything that occupies space and has mass. The substance, consisting of atoms and subatomic particles, composing all physical objects
Sustainable technologies
solutions that meet human economic and social needs while preserving the productivity or biodiversity of ecosystems over a long period of time
Renewal Resources
resources are renewed through growth or other ongoing processes
Physical distrubance
Humans reshape the physical structure of ecosystems by clearing forests, suppressing or setting fires, building roads and cities, mining, maintaining croplands, and building water control structures such as dams. This leads to biodiversity loss. It may also increase out exposure to forest fires, floods, droughts, soil erosion, landslides, and other physical hazards
Resource depletion
when people use the resources so much that in the long run will run out
Pollution
when humans release materials that harm biodiversity or human health
Threats to Biodiversity?
Habitat Loss, Introduced species, overharvesting, animal products and the pet trade, and pollution
Anthropogenic global climate change
the worldwide impact of climate change likely caused by human activity
Nuclear envelope (nuclear membrane)
double-layered membrane surrounding the nucleus of a cell
Cytoplasm
substance that fills the inside contents of a cell between the plasma membrane and the nucleus
Cytoskeleton
cell structure formed by a series of protein filaments; the scaffold for the cell structure and a framework for many cellular activities, including movement and cell division
Mitochondria
the powerhouse of the eukaryotic cell
Chloroplasts
organelle in a eukaryotic cells where photosynthesis occurs- the process that converts energy from the sun into chemical energy and generally involves the pigment chlorophyll. This organelle is surrounded by a double membrane and, like mitochondria, is also bacteria-like, so it contains its own DNA as a singular circular chromosome
Vesicles
a membranous sac in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells used to isolate and transport materials in a cell
Lysosomes
an organelle found only in eukaryotic animal cells that is responsible for keeping the cell clean by recycling cellular material and destroying external invaders
Vacuoles
a type of vesicle containing mostly water that is found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells
