Biology Book 2 Flashcards
What does it mean for a disease to be communicable
Can be transmitted from one person to another
What does it mean for a disease to be non-communicable
Cannot be transmitted from one person to another
What are 4 examples of comunicable disease
Measles
Mumps
Rubella
Malaria
What are 4 examples of non- communicable diseases
Cancer
Heart attack
Diabetes
Asthma
Pathogens are
Microbes that cause harm
What are the three main pathogens
Bacteria
Fungi
Virus
What shape are cocci bacteria
Spherical
What shape are bacilli bacteria
Rod-shaped
What shape are spirochete bacteria
Spirals
What do some Bactria have to help with movement
Flagellum
What are some of the harmful affects of bacteria
Causes diseases like salmonella, tuberculosis and bacterial infections can be treated with antibiotics. They also chase food to go off
How can bacteria be useful for human
Yogurt production - bacteria ferments the lactose in milk into acid which gives yogurt tangy taste
Sewage treatment- bacteria breaks down waste into simpler compounds, creating less waste
Genetic engineering- bacteria is used to replicate modified DNA , creating things like insulin
What does a virus look like
A head capsule with DNA with a long tail at the end a plate is attached
Why are viruses dangerous
They cause many diseases including
Chicken pox
Mumps
AIDS
and flu viruses can change into many different forms meaning that you cannot be immune to the flu
How is a virus useful for humans
Genetic engineering
What do fungi look like
A seed with a network of thread forming a structure called mycelium
Why are fungi useful to humans
Yeast - for baking and brewing industry’s
Fungi is a,so used to make cheese -smelly blue cheese
What are the 4 ways pathogens can be spread
Airborne
Direct contact
Indirect contact
In water
Microorganism
Tiny living organism such as bacteria , virus , fungi that is to small to be seen without a microscope. Some are good and some are bad
Give examples of when a antiseptic technique would be used
Biologist,
Forensic scientist
Surgeon
Doctor
Chef
Tattooist
Nurses
What are three measures that are taken when working in antiseptic conditions
Working beside a Bunsen burner
Washing hands
Clean surfaces
Wear a lab coat
Face mask, gloves
Antiseptic equipment
Why is it recommended to work close to a Bunsen when making growth plates
The convection currents can remove any unwanted microorganisms in the air
Why do you think it is necessary to flame the neck of the bottle of agar
It gets rid of and destroy any unwanted microbes on the glass bottles
Why do you incubate your Petri dish upside down
It will stop the agar drying out and also stops condensation from gathering on the lid and washing away bacteria colonies
Why is it dangerous to incubate the growth plates at 37°c
This is body temperature and so it could increase the likelihood of growing pathogenic microorganisms that could cause illness
What defence does your lungs have against pathogens
Have mucus + cilia (tiny hair to push bacteria out) as they move
What defence does your skin have against pathogens
They have hair follicles and glands in the skin protecting with antiseptic oils
Dead skin outer layer of skin forms a barrier to pathogens
What defence does your blood have against pathogens
Clots which form scabs , preventing the entry of pathogens
What defence does your eye have against pathogens
Antiseptic fluid in eyes
What defence does your stomach have against pathogens
Acid in stomach (hydrochloric acid )
Outbreak
An outbreak is a sudden rise in the number of cases in a diseases. It can occur in a community or geographical area, or may affect several countries . It may last for a few days or weeks or even several years
Epidemic
It occurs when an infectious disease spreads rapidly to many people. In 2003, the sever acute respiratory syndrome (sars) epidemic took the lives of nearly 800 people worldwide
Pandemic
It’s a global disease outbreak .it differs from an outbreak or pandemic because it affects a wider geographical area often worldwide infected a greater number of people than an epidemic is often caused by a new virus or a stain of virus that has not circulated among people for a long time . Humans usually have little or no immunity against it. It spreads from people to people worldwide . Causes higher death than epidemic . Often creates social disruption, economic loss, and general hardship
What does SARS stand for
Sever acute respiratory syndrome
How many of the hundreds of COVID can infect people
7 can affect humans
What’s the correct name for the virus that causes COVID 19
Corona virus - sars cov-2
How do viruses spread from person to another
By coughing droplets of the virus spray out entering there mouth or nose
Where do viruses spread the easiest
Transports the best in enclosed spaces from 1 person to another
What is the name of mistakes made when a virus replicates
Mutations
Why are mutations dangerous
Some can mutate so they are better for other environment. They could adapt and effect in a wider range of places . Some mutations can make it harmless.
True or false? There have been an approved treatment or vaccine for a corona virus!
True, there have never been an approved treatment or vaccine for coronavirus
Why are there no treatments for SARS and MERs
The epidemics ended before they created a treatment for the virus so there was no point in creating a treatment for something that doesn’t make you sick
Why is the risk with continues encroachment of humans into animal habitats
There is an increased risk of coronavirus spreading by jumping from animal to human. As there is more contact.
How many years ago was the first vaccination invented
150 years ago by Edward Jenner
What disease did milk mades get from the cows they worked with
Cowpox
Why do milk maids never get small pox? What was jenners reason
Cowpox for in the way of small pox and stoped them from catching small pox
Who did Jenner chose to carry o out his experiments on and why
A young boy who didn’t have cowpox or smallpox called Jame Phipps aged 8 and 3/4
How did Jenner treat the boy and the outcome if his treatment
She rubbed cowpox puss into the cuts on the small boys arm in a few days he got ill with cow pox and got better quickly . Six weeks later he then took puss from small pox and put it in the boys cut he called it a vaccination
Would jenners experiment be aloud to happen today
No as there would be ethical issues, and abuse and could spread lots of small pox. Too many issues
Describe what Fleming noticed in his bacterial growth played when he returned from holidays
The plate had a clear zone around the mould. This mould would go on to invent penicillin
What conclusion did he draw from his observation
That the mole had to be doing something to kill the bacteria
Where did Fleming think the mould had come from?
He thought the mould has gotten in from him leaving the Petri dish by the window with no lid and the window blowing in from inside
If Fleming had worked in a modern laboratory with sealed windows and air conditioning do you think he would have produced the first antibiotic
No, as aseptic techniques in modern laboratory would prevent it
Describe the experiment carried out by Florey and chain to show the lifesaving effects of penicillin
They carried it out on mice. By producing mould juice , it invoked injecting a lethal amount of bacteria into the mince and then injecting half of the mice with penicillin, the mice that were injected survived the others did not
Why do doctors not perscribe as many antibiotics as they used to
As the more a person uses an antibiotic against the bacteria the more the bacteria learns the properties of the medicine and can adapt and become immune to. Bacteria starts to mutate (antibiotic resistant) also its so expensive aka, millions of doctors now let ur infections run there course . Called de-escalating that wil, halt /slow down the numbers if resistant bacteria
Antibiotic resistant bacteria sequence
Injury is sustained The wound has become infected, antibiotics are prescribed . The infected wound contains both susceptible bacteria and resistant bacteria. The antibiotics destroy susceptible bacteria and the resistant bacteria remain, the course of antibiotics has been completed and yet bacteria remain. The resistant bacteria start to multiply and remain in the persons system . If the antibiotics are prescribed against they will have no effect and an alternative has to be found
The processs of phagocytosis
The phagocyte identifies a pathogen moves towards it and attaches itself to it
Cytoplasm surrounds and engulfs pathogen
Pathogen is killed and digested
In digestible residue is removed
