Biology AP Unit 4 #34-66 Flashcards
Mitochondria-
An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as teh site of cellular respiration; used oxygen to break down organic molecules and synthesize ATP
Chloroplasts-
Found in plats and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water
Endosymbiont Theory-
Theory that mitochondria and plastids, including chloroplast, originated as prokaryotic cells englfed by host Ellis. The engulfed cell and its host cell then evolved into a single organism
Crista-
An unfolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion
Mitochondrial Matrix-
Compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containg enzymes and substrates for the citric acid cycle, as well ribosomes and DNA
Thylakoids-
A flattened membranous sac inside a chloroplast. Thylakoids exist in stacks called grant that are interconnected and there membranes contain molecular machinery used to convert light energy to chemical energy
Granum-
A stack of membrane-bounded thylakoids in the chloroplats. Grant function in teh light reactions of photosynthesis
Stroma-
Fluid in chloroplast surrounding the thylakoids membrane and containg ribosomes and DNA involved in teh synthesis of organic molecules form carbon dioxide and water
Plastids-
One of a family of closely related organelles that include chloroplast, chromoplats, and amylopectin. Plastids are round in the cell of photosynthetic eukaryotes
Peroxisome-
An organelle containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen atoms from various sub gg states to oxygen producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide
Cytoskeleton-
A network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that extends throughout the cytoplasm and serves a variety of mechanical, transport, and signaling functions.
Motor Proteins-
A protein that interacts with cytoskeleton elements and other cell components, producing movement of teh whole cell or parts of the cell
Microtubules-
A hollow rod composed of tubulin proteins that makes up part of the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells and is found in cilia and flagella
Centorsome-
A structure present in teh cytoplasm of animal cells that functions as a microtubule-organizing center and is important during cell division. A centrosome has two centrioles.
Centriole-
A structure in the centrosome of an animal cell composed of a cylinder of microtuble triplets arranged in a 9+0 pattern. A centrosome has a pair of centrioles.
Flagellum-
A longer cellular appendage specialized for locomotion. Like motile cilia, eukaryotic flagella have a core with nine outer doublet microtubules and two inner single microtubules.
Cilia-
A short appendage containing microtubules in eukaryotic cells. A motile ilium is specialized for locomotion or moving fluid past the cell; it is formed from a core of nine outer doublet microtubules and two inner single microtubules
Basal Body-
A eukaryotic cell structure consisting of 9+0 arrangement of microtubule triplets. The basal body may or granite the microtubules assembly of a cilium or flagellum and is structurally very similar to a centriole
Dyneins-
In a cilia and flagella a large motor protein extending from one microtubule doublet to the adjacent doublet. ATP hydrolysis drives changes in dynein shape that lead to bending of cilia and flagella.
Microfilaments-
A cable composed of actin proteins in the cytoplasm of almost every eukaryotic cell, making up part of the cytoskeleton and acting alone or with myosin to cause cell contraction also known as an active filament
Actin-
A globular protein that links into chains, two of which twist helically about each other forming microfiliments in muscle and other kinds of cells
Myosin-
A type of motor protein that associates into filaments that interact with actin filaments, causing cell contraction.
Intermediate Filaments-
A component of the cytoskeleton that includes filaments intermediate in size between microtubules and microfilaments
Cell Wall-
Protective layer external to the plasma membrane in the cells of plants, prokaryotes, fungi, and some protists. Polysaccharides such as cellulose, chitin, and peptidoglycan are important structural components
Primary Cell Wall-
IN plants, a relatively thin and flexible layer that surrounds the plasma membrane of a young cell
Middle lamella-
IN plants a thin layer of adhesive extracellular material, primary pectins found between the primary walls of adjacent young cells
Secondary Cell Wall-
In plant cells a strong and durable matrix that is often deposited in several laminated layers around the plasma membrane and that provides protection and support
Extracellular Matrix (ECM)-
The meshwork surrounding animal cells consisting of glycoproteins, polysaccharides, and proteoglycans synthesized and secreted by the cells
Collagen-
A glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix of animal cells that forms strong fibers found extensively in connective tissue and bone the most abundant protein in teh animal kingdom
Proteoglycans-
A large molecule consisting of a small core protein with many carbohydrate chains attached found in teh extracellular matrix of animal cells. A proteoglycan may consist of up to 95% carbohydrates
Fibronectin-
An extracellular glycoprotein secreted by animal cells that helps them attach to the extracellular matrix
Integrins-
In animal cells a transmembrane receptor protein with two subunits that interconnect the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton
Plasmodesmata-
Open channel through the cell wall that connects the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells allowing water small solutes and some large molecules to pass between the cells
