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Biology- Animal Form and Function 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine System

Anterior Pituitary

A

mainly regulates hormone production by other glands–itself regulated by hypothalamus

  1. Direct Hormones
  2. Tropic Hormones
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2
Q

Endocrine System

Anterior Pituitary (Direct hormones)

A

directly stimulate target organs

  • growth hormone (HGH)- aka somatotropin; stimulates bone and muscle growth
  • prolactin- stimulates milk production in females
  • endorphins- inhibit perception of pain (technically a neurohormone)
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3
Q

Endocrine System

Anterior Pituitary (Tropic hormones)

A

stimulate other endocrine glands

  • Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)- stimulates adrenal cortex => release glucocorticoids-involved in regulation of metabolism of glucose
  • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)-stimulates thyroid gland (increase size, cell #) to release thyroid hormone (T4 and T3)
  • Luteinizing hormone (LH)- females-stimulates formation of **corpus luteum **/ males- stimulates interstitial cells of testes to produce testosterone
  • Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)-females- stimulates maturation of ovarian follicles to secrete estrogen/ males- stimulates maturation of seminiferous tubules and sperm prod
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4
Q

Endocrine System

Posterior Pituitary

A

does not synthesize hormones, stores ADH and oxytocin produced by hypothalumus

  • antidiuretic hormone (ADH/vasopressin) increases reabsorption of water by increasing permeability of nephron’s** collecting duct** => water reabsorption and increased blood volume and pressure. Coffee blocks ADH.
  • oxytocin-secreted during childbirth- increases strength of uterine contractions and stimulates milk ejection
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5
Q

Endocrine System

Pineal glands

A

secretes melatonin- plays role in circadian rhythm

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6
Q

Endocrine System

Thyroid

A

located on ventral surface of trachea

  • Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)
    • ​derived from tyrosine and necessary for growth and neurological development in children and increase basal metabolic rate in body (negative feedback on TSH)
    • HYPOTHYROIDISM- undersecretion => low heart rate and respiratory rate
    • HYPERTHYROIDISM- oversecretion => increased metabolic rate and sweating
      • both lead to goiters
  • **Calcitonin **(tones down Ca2+) in blood
    • decreases plasma Ca2+ by inhibiting its release from bone
    • decreases osteoclast activity and number
  • Disorders of the thyroid include **anchondroplasia **(AD; dwarfism) and **progeria **(AR; premature aging)
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7
Q

Endocrine System

Parathyroid

A

four pea-shaped structures attached to back of thyroid

  • Parathyroid hormone (PTH)- antagonistic to calcitonin
    • *Raises Ca 2+ *concentrations in blood by stimulating release from bone
      • increases osteocte absorption of Ca + P from bone; stimulates osteoblast proliferation
    • increases renal Ca reabsorption
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8
Q

Endocrine System

Thymus

A

involved in immune response

  • secretes thymosins that stimulate lymphocytes (WBCs) to become T-cells (identification and destroying of infected body cells)
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9
Q

Endocrine System

Adrenal Gland

A

on top of kidneys and consist of:

  • glucocorticoids (cortisol and cortisone)- raise blood glucose levels (stimulates gluconeogenesis in the liver); affect fat and protein metabolism; stress hormones
  • mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)- increases reabsorption of Na+ and excretion of K+
    • cause passive reabsorption of water in nephron => rise in blood volume/pressure
  • cortical sex hormones (androgens = male sex hormone) effect is small due to testis
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10
Q

Endocrine System

Adrenal Medulla

A

_Epinephrine and norepinephrine _ (adrenaline and noradrenaline)- “fight or flight”- the catecholamines

  • “fight or flight” (*sympathetic *N.S.); considered stress hormones
  • glycogen => glucose, vasoconstrictor to internal organs and skin but vasodilator to skeletal muscle, increased heartbeat
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11
Q

Endocrine System

Pancreas

A

both exocrine and endocrine; has bundles of cells called **islet of Landerhans **which contains two cell types:

  • alpha cells secrete **glucagon **(alpha “active”): catabolic, released when energy charge is low; raises blood glucose levels
    • stimulates liver to glycogen => glucose
  • beta cells secrete insulin (beta “bumming”): anabolic, released when energy charge is high; lower blood glucose levels
    • stimulates liver (and most other body cells) to absorb glucose
    • Liver + muscle cells: glucose => glycogen; fat cells: glucose => fat
  • **Somatostatin **is released by delta cells of pancreas; inhibits both insulin and glucagon; possibly increases nutrient absorption time
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12
Q

Endocrine System

Testis

A

testosterone- spermatogenesis, secondary sex characteristics

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13
Q

Endocrine System

Ovaries

A
  • Estrogen: menstrual cycle, secondary sex characteristics
  • Progesterone: menstrual cycle, pregnancy
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14
Q

Endocrine System

Gastrointestinal hormones

A
  • _Gastrin _ food in stomach, stimulates secretion of HCl
  • Secretin small intestine- when acidic food enters from stomach => neutralize aciditiy of chime by secretion of alkaline bicarbonate
  • _Cholecystokinin _ small intestine- presence of fats => causes contraction of gall-bladder and release of **bile **(involved in digestion of fats)
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15
Q

Endocrine System: Source

Posterior Pituitary

A

Hormone, Target, Action

ADH (antidiuretic hormone), kidney, increases absorption of water

Oxytoxin, mammary glands, milk letdown

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16
Q

Endocrine System: Source

Anterior Pituitary (tropic hormones)

A

hormone, target, action

TSH (thyroid stimulating hormones), thyroid, secretion of T4 and T3

ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormones), adrenal cortex, secretion of glucocorticoids

FSH (follicle stimulating hormones), ovaries and testes, regulates oogenesis and spermatogenesis (both)

LH (luteinizing horomes), ovaries and testes, regulates oogenesis and spermatogenesis (both)

17
Q

Endocrine System: Source

Anterior Pituitary (hormones)

A

hormone, target, action

  • PRL (prolactin), mammary glands, production of milk
  • GH (growth hormones), bone and muscle, stimulates growth
18
Q

Endocrine System: Source

Anterior Pituitary (hormones)

A

hormone, target, action

  • PRL (prolactin), mammary glands, production of milk
  • GH (growth hormones), bone and muscle, stimulates growth
19
Q

Endocrine System: Source

Pancreas (alpha cells)

A

hormone, target, action

glucagon, liver, increases blood glucose

20
Q

Endocrine System: Source

Pancreas (Beta cells)

A

hormone, target, action

insulin, (liver,muscles,fat), decreases blood glucose

21
Q

Endocrine System: Source

Adrenal gland (medulla)

A

hormone, target, action

  • epinephrine (adrenalin), (blood vessels, liver, heart), increases blood glucose, vasoconstriction (sympathetic)
  • norepinephrine (noradrenalin), (blood vessels, liver, heart), increases blood glucose, vasoconstriction (sympathetic)
22
Q

Endocrine System: Source

Adrenal gland (cortex)

A

hormone, target, action

  • glucocorticoids (cortisol), general, increases blood glucose
  • mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), kidney, increases reabsorption of Na+ and excretion of K+
23
Q

Endocrine System: source

Thyroid

A

hormone, target, action

  • T4 (thyroxin) and T3 (triidothyronine), general, increases cellular metabolism
  • calcitonin, bone, lower blood Ca2+
24
Q

Endocrine System: Source

Parathyroid

A

hormone, target, action

  • PTH (parathyroid), bone, increases blood Ca 2+
25
Q

Endocrine System: Source

Testis

A

hormone, target, action

  • testosterone, testes, general, (spermatogenesis, 2nd sex char)
26
Q

Endocrine System: Source

Ovary

A

hormone, target, action

  • estrogen, (uterus, general), (menstrual cycle, 2nd sex char)
  • progesteron, uterus, (menstrual cycle, pregnancy)
27
Q

Endocrine system: Source

Pineal

A

hormone, target, action

  • melatonin, body, circadian rhythms

DAT (18 decks)

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