Biology and Behaviour Flashcards
Three types of neuron in humans
Interneuron, Afferent (sensory), Efferent (motor)
Two autonomic nervous system divisions
Parasympathetic (rest and digest), sympathetic (fight or flight)
Seven parasympathetic reactions
- Constrict pupils
- Stimulates flow of saliva
- Constricts bronchi
- Slows heartbeat
- Stimulates peristalsis and secretion
- Stimulates bile release
- Contracts bladder
Ten sympathetic reactions
- Dilates pupils
- Relaxes bronchi
- Accelerates heartbeat
- Piloerection or sweating
- Inhibits peristalsis and secretion
- Stimulates glucose production and release
- Secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline
- Inhibits bladder contraction
- Stimulates orgasm
Four cerebral cortex lobes
- Frontal
- Parietal
- Occipital
- Temporal
Frontal lobe function
Executive function, impulse control, long term planning, motor function, speech production
Parietal lobe function
Sensation of touch, pressure, temperature, pain, spatial processing, orientation, manipulation
Occipital lobe function
Visual processing
Temporal lobe function
Sound processing, speech perception, memory, emotion
Acetylcholine function
PNS, attention/alertness, voluntary muscle control
Epinephrine and norepinephrine function
Fight or flight
Dopamine function
Smooth movements, postural stability
Serotonin function
Eating, mood, sleeping, dreaming
GABA funtion
Sleep stabilization
Endorphin function
Natural painkillers
Describe nature vs nurture
Debate regarding contributions of genetics and environment to an individual’s traits. Family, twins, and adoption studies are used to study nature vs nurture
Sensation vs perception
Sensation: conversion of physical stimuli into neurological signals
Perception: Processing of sensory information to make sense of its significance
What do sensory receptors do
Respond to stimuli and trigger electrical signals
Where do sensory receptors send signal to?
CNS
Sensory stimuli are transmitted to _____ in the brain, which further analyze sensory input
Projection areas
Define threshold
Minimal change in stimulus that causes a change in signal transduction
Define Weber’s law
JND is proportional to magnitude of stimulus, and this proportion is constant over most of the range of possible stimuli
Signal detection theory
Subject’s response, Signal present (Hit, miss, false alarm, correct negative)
Response bias
Participant responds to incorrect answer due to motivation
Adaptation
A decrease in response to a stimulus over time
Which part of the eye is responsible for production of aqueous humor
Posterior chamber
Which part of the eye is responsible for draining of aqueous humor
Canal of Schlemm
Canal of Schlemm function
Drains aqueous humor
Posterior chamber function
Production of aqueous humor
Aqueous humor function
- Gives the eye its shape
- Nourishes cornea and lens by supplying amino acids and glucose
Which pupillae is responsible for parasympathetic response
Constrictor pupillae
Which pupillae is responsible for sympathetic response
Dilator pupillae
Name part of the eye that allows us to move our eyes
Ciliary muscle
Sclera function
Maintaining refractive status with the cornea
Cornea function (2)
- Eye protection
- 75% of refraction of light
Anterior chamber function
Controls amount of light that enters the eye by opening and closing the pupil
Iris
Helps control size of pupil to adjust amount of light entering the eye
Suspensory ligament function
Connect ciliary body of the eye with lens, holding it in place
Choroid function
Filled with blood vessels that bring oxygen and nutrients to the eye
Retina function
Captures light that enters your eye and helps translate it to images
Lens function
Focuses light on retina (fine tune vs cornea (~75-80%)
Fovea function
Sharp central vision
Optic disc function
Send visual data to the brain
Viterous humor function
- Maintains eye shape
- Provides nutrients to the eye
Visual pathway
Retina -> optic nerve -> optic chiasm -> optic tracts -> lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of hypothalamus -> visual radiations -> visual cortex
