Biology and Behaviour

Question 1

Three types of neuron in humans

Answer 1

Interneuron, Afferent (sensory), Efferent (motor)

Question 2

Two autonomic nervous system divisions

Answer 2

Parasympathetic (rest and digest), sympathetic (fight or flight)

Question 3

Seven parasympathetic reactions

Answer 3

1. Constrict pupils
2. Stimulates flow of saliva
3. Constricts bronchi
4. Slows heartbeat
5. Stimulates peristalsis and secretion
6. Stimulates bile release
7. Contracts bladder

Question 4

Ten sympathetic reactions

Answer 4

1. Dilates pupils
2. Relaxes bronchi
3. Accelerates heartbeat
4. Piloerection or sweating
5. Inhibits peristalsis and secretion
6. Stimulates glucose production and release
7. Secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline
8. Inhibits bladder contraction
9. Stimulates orgasm

Question 5

Four cerebral cortex lobes

Answer 5

1. Frontal
2. Parietal
3. Occipital
4. Temporal

Question 6

Frontal lobe function

Answer 6

Executive function, impulse control, long term planning, motor function, speech production

Question 7

Parietal lobe function

Answer 7

Sensation of touch, pressure, temperature, pain, spatial processing, orientation, manipulation

Question 8

Occipital lobe function

Answer 8

Visual processing

Question 9

Temporal lobe function

Answer 9

Sound processing, speech perception, memory, emotion

Question 10

Acetylcholine function

Answer 10

PNS, attention/alertness, voluntary muscle control

Question 11

Epinephrine and norepinephrine function

Answer 11

Fight or flight

Question 12

Dopamine function

Answer 12

Smooth movements, postural stability

Question 13

Serotonin function

Answer 13

Eating, mood, sleeping, dreaming

Question 14

GABA funtion

Answer 14

Sleep stabilization

Question 15

Endorphin function

Answer 15

Natural painkillers

Question 16

Describe nature vs nurture

Answer 16

Debate regarding contributions of genetics and environment to an individual’s traits. Family, twins, and adoption studies are used to study nature vs nurture

Question 17

Sensation vs perception

Answer 17

Sensation: conversion of physical stimuli into neurological signals

Perception: Processing of sensory information to make sense of its significance

Question 18

What do sensory receptors do

Answer 18

Respond to stimuli and trigger electrical signals

Question 19

Where do sensory receptors send signal to?

Answer 19

CNS

Question 20

Sensory stimuli are transmitted to _____ in the brain, which further analyze sensory input

Answer 20

Projection areas

Question 21

Define threshold

Answer 21

Minimal change in stimulus that causes a change in signal transduction

Question 22

Define Weber’s law

Answer 22

JND is proportional to magnitude of stimulus, and this proportion is constant over most of the range of possible stimuli

Question 23

Signal detection theory

Answer 23

Subject’s response, Signal present (Hit, miss, false alarm, correct negative)

Question 24

Response bias

Answer 24

Participant responds to incorrect answer due to motivation

Question 25

Adaptation

Answer 25

A decrease in response to a stimulus over time

Question 26

Which part of the eye is responsible for production of aqueous humor

Answer 26

Posterior chamber

Question 27

Which part of the eye is responsible for draining of aqueous humor

Answer 27

Canal of Schlemm

Question 28

Canal of Schlemm function

Answer 28

Drains aqueous humor

Question 29

Posterior chamber function

Answer 29

Production of aqueous humor

Question 30

Aqueous humor function

Answer 30

1. Gives the eye its shape
2. Nourishes cornea and lens by supplying amino acids and glucose

Question 31

Which pupillae is responsible for parasympathetic response

Answer 31

Constrictor pupillae

Question 32

Which pupillae is responsible for sympathetic response

Answer 32

Dilator pupillae

Question 33

Name part of the eye that allows us to move our eyes

Answer 33

Ciliary muscle

Question 34

Sclera function

Answer 34

Maintaining refractive status with the cornea

Question 35

Cornea function (2)

Answer 35

1. Eye protection
2. 75% of refraction of light

Question 36

Anterior chamber function

Answer 36

Controls amount of light that enters the eye by opening and closing the pupil

Question 37

Iris

Answer 37

Helps control size of pupil to adjust amount of light entering the eye

Question 38

Suspensory ligament function

Answer 38

Connect ciliary body of the eye with lens, holding it in place

Question 39

Choroid function

Answer 39

Filled with blood vessels that bring oxygen and nutrients to the eye

Question 40

Retina function

Answer 40

Captures light that enters your eye and helps translate it to images

Question 41

Lens function

Answer 41

Focuses light on retina (fine tune vs cornea (~75-80%)

Question 42

Fovea function

Answer 42

Sharp central vision

Question 43

Optic disc function

Answer 43

Send visual data to the brain

Question 44

Viterous humor function

Answer 44

1. Maintains eye shape
2. Provides nutrients to the eye

Question 45

Visual pathway

Answer 45

Retina -> optic nerve -> optic chiasm -> optic tracts -> lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of hypothalamus -> visual radiations -> visual cortex