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SCCA Biology > Biology A: All Units > Flashcards

Biology A: All Units Flashcards

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1
Q

activation energy

A

the energy input required to start a chemical reaction

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2
Q

active transport

A

the movement by energy of molecules across a cell membrane from low to high concentration

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3
Q

adaptation

A

beneficial mutation that can increase a species survival rate

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4
Q

ADP

A

adenosine diphosphate, a nucleotide that becomes ATP when it gains a phosphorous group

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5
Q

aerobic respiration

A

uses matter from the food we eat and from the oxygen in the atmosphere to fuel our bodies

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6
Q

allele

A

a version of a gene that codes for a different phenotype of a trait

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7
Q

amino acids

A

the building blocks of protein

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8
Q

anaerobic

A

a process that does not require oxygen

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9
Q

anticodon

A

a group of three bases in tRNA that is complementary to a codon on mRNA

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10
Q

apoptosis

A

a series of steps the cell takes in order to self-destruct

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11
Q

aquaporins

A

the protein channels that allow water to enter and leave a cell

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12
Q

arteriole

A

a smaller blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood

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13
Q

artery

A

a large blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart

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14
Q

ATP

A

an energy-carrying molecule that is used by the cells of all living things

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15
Q

ATP synthase

A

a protein that creates ATP from ADP during photosynthesis

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16
Q

autotroph

A

organisms that can make their own food

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17
Q

binary fission

A

a type of asexual reproduction in which a fully grown parent cell separates into two cells

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18
Q

biomolecule

A

a molecule that is produced by a living thing

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19
Q

bronchi

A

tubes that carry air into the lungs

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20
Q

calorie

A

a unit used to measure the energy stored in food

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21
Q

cancer

A

a disease caused by disruptions in the cell cycle that leads to uncontrollable growth and reproduction of certain cell types

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22
Q

capillary

A

a tiny blood vessel

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23
Q

capsid

A

a protein coat surrounding the genetic material of a virus

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24
Q

carbohydrate

A

a biomolecule made of simple sugars

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25
Q

carbohydrates

A

a biomolecule made of simple sugars

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26
Q

carbon

A

nonmetallic chemical element with an atomic number of 6 that bonds with many other elements

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27
Q

carbon dioxide

A

a gas exhaled from the body

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28
Q

carnivore

A

an organism that eats only other animals for energy

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29
Q

carrier

A

an individual who has one recessive allele for a genetic disease but usually does not show symptoms of the disease

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30
Q

causation

A

the act of producing an end result

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31
Q

cell cycle

A

a sequence of specific steps taken by cells to prepare for and perform reproduction

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32
Q

cell membrane

A

a semipermeable membrane made of a double layer of lipids that surrounds a cell

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33
Q

Cell theory

A

all organisms are made of cells and they come from pre-existing cells

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34
Q

cells

A

the smallest unit of life that displays all of the characteristics of life

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35
Q

cellular respiration

A

the process by which glucose and oxygen form ATP

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36
Q

cellulose

A

a carbohydrate made from glucose that is found in the cell walls

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37
Q

chemical digestion

A

the breakdown of food as a result of chemicals the body releases.

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38
Q

chemical equation

A

a model of a chemical reaction

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39
Q

chemical reaction

A

a change that occurs when 2 or more substances combine to form a new substance

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40
Q

chlorophyll

A

green pigment that captures the energy from the sun

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41
Q

chloroplast

A

organelle in a green plant cell that conducts photosynthesis

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42
Q

chromatin

A

a material consisting of strings of nucleosomes that are wrapped together to form a rope-like structure in eukaryotes

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43
Q

chromatin remodeling

A

the process by which DNA is unwound from its associated protein to allow for transcription or replication

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44
Q

chromosome

A

a thread-like structure in the cell nucleus that contains DNA wrapped around proteins called histones

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45
Q

codominance

A

a non-Mendelian inheritance pattern in which both alleles for a gene are expressed equally

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46
Q

codon

A

a group of three bases in mRNA that codes for an amino acid in the protein

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47
Q

cofactor

A

a nonprotein substance that helps enzymes catalyze chemical reactions

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48
Q

complete dominance

A

a Mendelian inheritance pattern in which one allele is dominant over the other allele and completely masks the phenotype of the recessive allele when at least one dominant allele is present in the genotype

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49
Q

concentration gradient

A

the gradual change in concentration of a solute in a solution

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50
Q

conservation of matter

A

during a chemical reaction, matter is neither created nor destroyed; it just changes form.

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51
Q

correlation

A

a relationship between two variables but it does not mean that one causes the other

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52
Q

covalent bond

A

the connection between two atoms when they share a pair of electrons

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53
Q

cross breeding

A

the breeding of two organisms of different kinds or varieties

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54
Q

crossing-over

A

the process that occurs when genetic information is swapped between homologous chromosomes

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55
Q

cytoplasm

A

a thick solution, made up of water, salts and proteins, that fills each cell and is within the cell membrane

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56
Q

daughter cell

A

the two cells produced by cell division

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57
Q

dehydration synthesis

A

a chemical reaction in which water is removed during the formation of a new molecule

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58
Q

deletion

A

a type of mutation that involves one or more bases being deleted from the DNA sequence

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59
Q

deoxygenated

A

a substance without oxygen

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60
Q

deoxyribose

A

a sugar that forms the backbone of a DNA molecule

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61
Q

dependent variable

A

variables that happen because of changes made to the independent variables

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62
Q

diaphragm

A

a layer of muscle and connective tissue that separates the chest from the abdomen and pulls air into the lungs when it contracts

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63
Q

differential gene expression

A

the process by which different genes in a cell activate during specialization

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64
Q

differentiated cell

A

a cell that has changed from a less specialized to a more specialized cell type

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65
Q

differentiation

A

an increase in the specialization of a cell

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66
Q

diffusion

A

the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

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67
Q

disaccharide

A

a sugar made of 2 monosaccharides

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68
Q

distribution

A

how the variation in traits is spread across a population

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69
Q

DNA

A

a nucleic acid molecule that contains genes

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70
Q

DNA methylation

A

groups of organic material (one carbon atom and three hydrogen atoms) that bond to DNA to aid in expressing gene traits

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71
Q

DNA polymerase

A

an enzyme that plays a critical role in placing nucleotides in the correct order

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72
Q

DNA replication

A

the process by which a DNA molecule is copied to produce two identical molecules

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73
Q

dominant

A

a trait that can be expressed with only one copy of the allele of a gene

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74
Q

dominant trait

A

a trait that is expressed even if only one allele for the trait is present

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75
Q

ectotherm

A

an organism that depends on external sources to regulate its body temperature

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76
Q

elastic tissue

A

tissue that can expand and contract without losing its shape

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77
Q

electron transport chain

A

a series of reactions that creates an electrochemical gradient to produce ATP

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78
Q

electronegative

A

atoms and molecules that tend to acquire electrons in chemical reactions

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79
Q

empirical question

A

a question that can be answered by investigation and observation

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80
Q

endocytosis

A

taking large materials into a cell

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81
Q

endomembrane system

A

a network of membrane-bound organelles that are involved in the production and processing of proteins that will be integrated into a membrane, packaged into an organelle, or exported to the outside of the cell

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82
Q

endotherm

A

an organism that can regulate its own body temperature and generate its own internal heat

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83
Q

endothermic

A

a change that absorbs more energy than it releases

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84
Q

energy

A

the ability to do work

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85
Q

environmental factor

A

any living or nonliving factor that influences a living organism

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86
Q

enzyme

A

a specialized protein that speeds up a chemical reaction

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87
Q

enzymes

A

proteins that speed up chemical reactions

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88
Q

Epigenetic changes

A

DNA modifications that do not affect the sequence but the expression of certain genes

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89
Q

Epigenome

A

made of compounds and proteins that attach to DNA and can affect which genes are turned “on” or “off” in the production of certain proteins

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90
Q

epistasis

A

the interaction between genes that influences a phenotype

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91
Q

equilibrium

A

the concentration inside of the cell is equal to the concentration outside of a cell

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92
Q

euchromatin

A

a type of lightly staining chromatin that is loosely packed and allows for the transcription and translation of genes

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93
Q

eukaryote

A

a type of cell that contains membrane-bound organelles

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94
Q

eukaryotic

A

a type of cell that contains membrane-bound organelles such as a nucleus

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95
Q

eukaryotic cell

A

a type of animal or plant cell that contains membrane-bound organelles, such as a nucleus

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96
Q

evolution

A

a change in the genetic makeup of a species over time

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97
Q

exocytosis

A

moving large materials out of a cell

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98
Q

exon

A

a portion of a gene that is expressed into protein

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99
Q

exothermic

A

a change that releases more energy than it absorbs

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100
Q

exothermic reaction

A

chemical reaction that results in heat given off as a product because the energy required to break bonds is less than the energy required to make new bonds

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101
Q

extraembryonic cells

A

cells located outside the embryo

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102
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

the diffusion of small, hydrophilic molecules across the cell membrane that requires a protein to help transport the molecule across the cell membrane

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103
Q

FADH

A

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; an electron carrier molecule that accepts high-energy electrons and one hydrogen ion to become FADH2

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104
Q

FADH2

A

Flavin adenine dinucleotide, an electron carrying molecule that donates electrons and hydrogens

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105
Q

fatty acids

A

the building blocks of lipids

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106
Q

feedback mechanism

A

a system that responds to a stimulus

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107
Q

Founder effect

A

occurs when a small group of individuals establish a new population away from the original and can have a reduced diversity compared to the original

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108
Q

frameshift mutation

A

a change in DNA that shifts the reading of the genetic message

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109
Q

frequency

A

the number of times a particular trait is seen in a population

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110
Q

G1 (first gap)

A

first step of interphase

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111
Q

G2 (second gap)

A

third step of Interphase

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112
Q

gamete

A

a sex cell; sperm or egg

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113
Q

gametes

A

sex cells, which are egg and sperm cells

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114
Q

gene

A

a section of a DNA molecule that codes for a protein

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115
Q

gene expression

A

the process in which information from a gene is used to make a protein

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116
Q

gene flow

A

when genes move from one population to another

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117
Q

gene regulation

A

the mechanisms that activate or repress the expression of a gene

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118
Q

genetic code

A

a code used by all known organisms that translates mRNA codons into amino acids

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119
Q

genetic drift

A

a change in the frequency of an allele in a population from generation to generation

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120
Q

genetic engineering

A

the process of altering the DNA of an organism to change its traits

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121
Q

genetically identical

A

when a cell or organism’s genetic material is an exact copy of the parent cell or organism’s genetic material, it is said to be genetically identical. Depending on gene expression, two cells may be genetically identical while possessing different attributes.

122
Q

genetically modified organism (GMO)

A

an organism whose DNA has been manipulated

123
Q

genotype

A

the genetic make-up for a particular trait

124
Q

genotyping

A

process used to determine the variants in DNA by comparing to a reference sequence

125
Q

glucose

A

a simple 6-carbon sugar

126
Q

glycolysis

A

a process during which one glucose molecule is broken down into two 3-carbon molecules called pyruvates

127
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

a membrane-bound organelle of the endomembrane system that processes, modifies, and sorts proteins coming from the rough endoplasmic reticulum in order to activate them and get them to their proper destination

128
Q

haploid

A

the state of having half the number of chromosomes as compared to body cells

129
Q

Hayflick limit

A

the number of times a cell can divide before it is no longer able to propagate

130
Q

herbivore

A

an organism that eats only plants for energy

131
Q

heredity

A

the passing of genetic material found in chromosomes from parents to offspring

132
Q

heterochromatin

A

a type of darkly staining chromatin that is tightly packed and does not allow for the transcription and translation of genes

133
Q

heterozygous

A

having two different alleles for a given gene

134
Q

histone modification

A

changes made to the expression of certain genes when the histone proteins coil with chromatin to form the chromosomes

135
Q

homologous chromosome

A

set of one maternal and one paternal chromosome that pair up during meiosis

136
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

a pair of chromosomes that carry the same genes in the same locations along the chromosome

137
Q

homozygous

A

having two identical alleles for a given gene

138
Q

hybrid

A

the offspring of two organisms of different breeds, varieties, or species

139
Q

hydrocarbon

A

a compound made of hydrogen and carbon atoms

140
Q

hydrophilic

A

water loving

141
Q

hydrophobic

A

water fearing

142
Q

hypertonic

A

a solution with higher concentration of solutes compared to another solution

143
Q

hypotonic

A

a solution with lower concentration of solutes compared to another solution

144
Q

incomplete dominance

A

a non-Mendelian inheritance pattern that occurs when an allele for a specific trait is not completely expressed over its recessive allele

145
Q

independent assortment

A

the sorting of one pair of homologous chromosomes does not affect the sorting of another

146
Q

independent variable

A

variables that are changed on purpose in order to see how things change

147
Q

inheritable genetic variation

A

changes in genetic material that can be passed to offspring

148
Q

inheritable genetic variations

A

changes in genetic material that can be passed to offspring

149
Q

insertion

A

a type of mutation that involves one or more bases being added to the DNA sequence

150
Q

Insertion mutation

A

add extra base pairs to the DNA sequence making it longer than it should be to code specific proteins

151
Q

interphase

A

the process during which the cell begins to grow.

152
Q

intron

A

a portion of a gene that is not expressed into protein

153
Q

invertebrate

A

an animal that does not have a spinal column; not having a vertebrae

154
Q

isotonic

A

a solution with the same concentration of solutes compared to another solution

155
Q

karyotype

A

a visual representation of the chromosomes within a cell

156
Q

Krebs cycle

A

a series of chemical reactions that forms ATP from Acetyl CoA

157
Q

Krebs cycle/citric acid cycle

A

the second step in breaking down glucose during cellular respiration, in which the products of glycolysis undergo several chemical reactions that release energy in the form of ATP, NADH and FADH2, and water and carbon dioxide as waste products

158
Q

law of conservation of energy

A

states that energy cannot be created nor destroyed; you can only change from one form of energy to another

159
Q

law of conservation of matter

A

a scientific law that states that matter cannot be created or destroyed

160
Q

light-dependent reactions

A

a series of reactions that take the light energy that is captured by the chlorophyll and convert it into chemical energy in the form of NADPH and ATP; consists of photosystem II, the electron transport chain, photosystem I and hydrogen ion movement and formation of ATP

161
Q

light-independent reactions (calvin cycle)

A

a series of reactions that do not require the presence of light energy and that take the carbon from carbon dioxide and convert it to carbohydrates (glucose), amino acids, and other compounds

162
Q

limitations

A

circumstances that control or reduce the complexity of the process

163
Q

lipid

A

a biomolecule made of fatty acids

164
Q

lipids

A

biomolecules that make up cell membranes, store energy, and act as chemical messengers in the body

165
Q

macromolecule

A

a large molecule that contains many proteins

166
Q

matter

A

anything that takes up space and has weight

167
Q

mechanical digestion

A

any type of physical act related to the breakdown of food, including chewing, churning of the stomach, or absorbing nutrients

168
Q

meiosis

A

a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell

169
Q

membrane-bound organelle

A

an organelle that is surrounded by a lipid bilayer similar to the cell membrane

170
Q

Mendelian Traits

A

traits that are controlled by a single gene and have little variation

171
Q

metabolic reactions

A

chemical reactions that allow organisms to survive (including cellular respiration), and to shuttle energy to other parts of the body that require more energy

172
Q

Methylation

A

the attaching of methyl groups (made of one carbon and three hydrogen) to DNA to regulate gene expression

173
Q

missense mutation

A

a type of substitution mutation in which the change in the DNA sequence changes the amino acid in the protein

174
Q

mitochondria

A

membrane bound organelle that make most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell

175
Q

mitosis

A

a type of cell division in which a parent cell copies itself, resulting in two identical daughter cells. Mitosis is the form of cell division used in all cell growth except sexual reproduction.

176
Q

mitotic spindle

A

small structure within the cell that will help organize the chromosomes

177
Q

model

A

a representation of something based on data and observations that is used by scientists to help predict the behavior of complex systems, especially those that are too small or too large to work with directly

178
Q

model organsim

A

an organism that is representative of many within its category and is easy to grow and study in a lab

179
Q

monosaccharide

A

a simple sugar made up of one sugar molecule

180
Q

mRNA

A

a nucleic acid that carries the genetic code from DNA to a ribosome

181
Q

multicellular

A

made of many cells

182
Q

multiple alleles

A

a type of non-Mendelian inheritance pattern in which there are more than two alleles possible for a gene

183
Q

multipotent cells

A

cells that can differentiate into many types of specialized cells

184
Q

multipotent stem cell

A

a type of adult stem cell that can become many different types of specialized cells within a tissue or organ

185
Q

mutation

A

a change in the sequence of bases in a gene

186
Q

mutations

A

changes in DNA sequence

187
Q

NAD+

A

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, an electron carrier used in metabolism

188
Q

NADH

A

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotidehydrogen; electron carrying molecule that donates electrons and hydrogens

189
Q

NADP+

A

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; an electron carrier molecule that accepts two high-energy electrons and one hydrogen ion to become NADPH

190
Q

NADPH

A

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen; a product of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis used to power some of the reactions in the light-independent stage of photosynthesis

191
Q

natural selection

A

the process in which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring

192
Q

net ATP

A

the total amount of ATP after a cycle. If 2 ATP are used, and 4 ATP are gained, the net ATP is 2.

193
Q

nitrogenous base

A

a part of the nucleotide that contains carbon rings with nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen; there are four nitrogenous bases: adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine

194
Q

nonsense mutation

A

a type of substitution mutation in which the change in the DNA sequence changes the mRNA codon to a stop codon

195
Q

normal distribution

A

a distribution that has a bell-shaped curve with more traits being expressed in the middle and the extreme variations at each end

196
Q

nuclear envelope

A

a double membrane that surrounds the nucleus and controls what enters and leaves the nucleus in eukaryotic cells

197
Q

nucleic acid

A

a biomolecule made of nucleotides

198
Q

nucleosome

A

a bead-like structure formed when DNA is wrapped around a single group of histone proteins in eukaryotes.

199
Q

nucleotide

A

the building block of nucleic acids

200
Q

nucleotides

A

the building blocks of nucleic acids

201
Q

operon

A

a group of related genes that operates together as a functional unit in prokaryotic cells

202
Q

organ

A

a collection of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or set of functions

203
Q

organ system

A

a group of organs, each with different functions but a similar collective purpose

204
Q

organelle

A

a small structure inside a cell that performs a specific function

205
Q

osmosis

A

the diffusion of water molecules through a semipermeable membrane from higher concentration to lower concentration until equilibrium has been reached

206
Q

Over-methylation

A

having too many methyl groups trying to regulate gene expression that can lead to neurological symptoms and disorders

207
Q

oxidation

A

losing electrons

208
Q

oxidation-reduction reaction

A

a chemical reaction that involves transferring electrons between two or more atoms

209
Q

oxygen-poor

A

a substance that is lacking in oxygen, typically the blood after it travels through the body

210
Q

oxygenated

A

a substance that contains oxygen, typically the blood

211
Q

parent cell

A

the cell that divides to produce two daughter cells

212
Q

passive transport

A

the movement of molecules across the cell membrane without the need for energy

213
Q

periosteum

A

a layer of connective tissue that surrounds and protects a bone

214
Q

peristalsis

A

a series of muscle contractions that move food through the gastrointestinal tract independent of gravity

215
Q

phenotype

A

the observable characteristics of a trait

216
Q

phosphate group

A

a chemical group that consists of phosphorus and sulfur that links the backbone of DNA together

217
Q

photosynthesis

A

the process of changing light energy into stored chemical energy in the form of sugars

218
Q

photosystem I

A

protein complex where the transfer of hydrogen ions to NADP+ to make NADPH occurs during photosynthesis

219
Q

photosystem II

A

protein complex where light is absorbed, water is split, hydrogen ions are created, and oxygen is released during photosynthesis

220
Q

pleiotropy

A

a type of non-Mendelian inheritance pattern in which one gene affects multiple phenotypes

221
Q

pluripotent cells

A

the second type of stem cell to develop in an embryo

222
Q

Point deletion

A

when one base is deleted in the DNA sequence which can lead to incorrect protein synthesis

223
Q

point mutation

A

a change in a single point along the DNA sequence

224
Q

polygenic inheritance

A

a trait is controlled by more than one gene

225
Q

polygenic trait

A

a trait that is affected by multiple genes

226
Q

polypeptide

A

a chain of amino acids formed during translation that will fold into a certain shape to make a protein

227
Q

polysaccharide

A

a sugar made of 3 or more monosaccharides

228
Q

population bottleneck

A

a sharp decline in a species population that leads to a decline in genetic diversity

229
Q

post-translational control

A

the regulation of gene expression by the modification of proteins

230
Q

producer

A

an organism that makes its own food

231
Q

product

A

the output of a chemical reaction

232
Q

prokaryote

A

a type of cell that lacks membrane-bound organelles

233
Q

prokaryotic

A

a type of cell that does not contain membrane-bound organelles such as nuclei

234
Q

prokaryotic cell

A

a type of cell, such as bacteria and archaea cells, that does not contain membrane-bound organelles

235
Q

proliferation

A

the increase in number of cells by replication

236
Q

promoter

A

a segment in DNA that binds with the enzyme RNA polymerase

237
Q

protein

A

a biomolecule made of amino acids

238
Q

protein synthesis

A

the cellular process through which proteins are made

239
Q

proteins

A

made of amino acids; used to build body tissue and perform the life functions of cells

240
Q

pulmonary loop

A

the pathway that blood takes from the heart to the lungs

241
Q

Punnett square

A

a diagram that is used to show the combinations and frequencies of the different genotypes and phenotypes among the offspring of a cross, in accordance with Mendelian inheritance

242
Q

qualitative data

A

data given as words, such as a description, a type of plant, or a condition

243
Q

quantitative data

A

data given as numbers, such as a quantity, an amount, or a range

244
Q

reactant

A

a substance involved in a chemical reaction

245
Q

recessive

A

a trait that can only be expressed if there are two copies of the same allele of the gene

246
Q

recessive trait

A

a trait that is expressed only if two alleles for the trait are present

247
Q

reduction

A

gaining electrons

248
Q

reliable source

A

a form of information that can be cited and provides consistently valid information supported by strong scientific evidence

249
Q

reoxygenated

A

adding oxygen to a substance, typically the blood after it has left the lungs and returns to the heart

250
Q

repair

A

in complex organisms, the process by which new cells replace old or dead ones

251
Q

replicable

A

investigations that can be repeated with the same results

252
Q

replication

A

the copying of genetic material

253
Q

repressor

A

a regulatory protein and/or small molecule that inhibits transcription

254
Q

respiratory system

A

the organ system that exchanges gases between an organism’s internal and external environments

255
Q

ribosome

A

an organelle, found either free-floating in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum, where proteins are made

256
Q

RNA polymerase

A

enzyme involved in making mRNA

257
Q

RNA processing

A

a change RNA undergoes in the cell nucleus to become a mature mRNA molecule

258
Q

RNA silencing

A

a way for the cell to control the translation of an mRNA using microRNAs; also known as RNA interference

259
Q

RNA splicing

A

the process that removes introns from the mRNA before translation

260
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

a membrane-bound organelle of the endomembrane system that is directly attached to the smooth ER and nuclear envelope that has ribosomes attached to it that synthesize proteins that will be inserted into a membrane, packaged into an organelle, or exported to the outside the cell

261
Q

rRNA

A

a type of RNA, called ribosomal RNA, that is part of the ribosome

262
Q

scientific explanation

A

a statement supported by evidence that provides a reason for a natural scientific phenomenon

263
Q

scientific method

A

the method used to test scientific hypotheses

264
Q

selective breeding

A

the process of choosing only plants or animals with desirable traits to reproduce

265
Q

senescent

A

process in which cells exit the cell cycle and no longer divide but still carry out their function

266
Q

senescent cell

A

a cell that can no longer reproduce itself

267
Q

silent mutation

A

a type of substitution mutation in which the DNA sequence is altered but the amino acid sequence remains the same

268
Q

sister chromatids

A

identical pairs of chromosomes formed during cellular replication

269
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

a membrane-bound organelle of the endomembrane system that is directly attached to the rough ER and nuclear envelope that produces lipids and steroids for membrane production

270
Q

solute

A

a material that is dissolved in a solvent

271
Q

solution

A

a mixture in which a solute is dissolved into a solvent

272
Q

solvent

A

a material that dissolves the solute

273
Q

somatic cells

A

all other cells in an organism except the reproductive cells

274
Q

starch

A

a carbohydrate that is made of long glucose chains

275
Q

stem cells

A

unspecialized cells capable of unlimited proliferation

276
Q

stroma

A

fluid-filled space that surrounds the stacks of thylakoids inside the chloroplast, within which the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis occur

277
Q

substitution mutation

A

a type of point mutation in which a single base in the DNA is changed into another base

278
Q

systemic loop

A

the pathway of blood from the heart to other areas of the body

279
Q

terminal differentiation

A

cells that exit the cell cycle to provide a particular function and can no longer divide

280
Q

thermogenesis

A

the production of heat by living organisms as a by-product of metabolic activity

281
Q

thylakoid

A

sack-like structure surrounded by a membrane inside chloroplasts where the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur

282
Q

tissue

A

cells with the same function connected together into structures

283
Q

totipotent cells

A

the first stem cells to arise in a developing embryo

284
Q

trachea

A

the air tube connecting the mouth to the lungs

285
Q

traits

A

the physical characteristics of an organism

286
Q

transcription

A

the process by which RNA polymerase copies a segment of DNA into mRNA

287
Q

transcription factors

A

a class of proteins that regulates transcription in eukaryotes by interacting with RNA polymerase.

288
Q

transcriptional control

A

the regulation of gene expression by preventing a gene from being transcribed into mRNA

289
Q

translation

A

the process by which a ribosome produces protein based on the sequence of a mRNA

290
Q

translational control

A

the regulation of gene expression by altering the lifespan of mRNA or the efficiency of translation

291
Q

tRNA

A

a type of RNA molecule that decodes the mRNA sequence into a protein

292
Q

Under-methylation

A

having too few methyl groups to help regulate gene expression that can lead to neurological symptoms and disorders

293
Q

validity

A

accuracy

294
Q

variants

A

small differences in DNA that can be detected from a cheek or saliva swab

295
Q

variation

A

the different traits that are found in a population

296
Q

vein

A

a blood vessel that carries blood back to the heart

297
Q

vesicle

A

a small fluid filled sac within a cell

298
Q

viable errors

A

changes that can be passed to living offspring

299
Q

viral envelope

A

a membrane layer surrounding a virus that is made from the cell membrane of the host cell

300
Q

virus

A

an organism consisting of only nucleic acid and protein that uses other cells in order to replicate and make more viruses

301
Q

zygote

A

diploid cell that is created when the sperm cell fertilizes the egg cell

SCCA Biology (7 decks)

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