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Science-Grade 10 > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The nucleus contains the master set of instructions for a cell, it controls…

A
  1. What the cell will become
  2. How it will function
  3. How long it will live
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2
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

DeoxyriboNucleic Acid

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3
Q

Where are the instructions carried in?

A

The instructions are carried in Chromosomes

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4
Q

How many Chromosomes do humans have

A

Humans have 46 chromosomes

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5
Q

The chromosome consist…

A

of a single molecule of DNA divided into segments called genes.

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6
Q

The Backbone is made of…

A

sugars and phosphate groups. There are 4 types

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7
Q

What are the 4 groups of DNA

A

Adenine bonds with Thymine

Guanine bonds with Cytosine

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8
Q

One gene contains enough code to…

A

make a complete protein

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9
Q

Proteins are…

A

Essential for life

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10
Q

What do protiens help with

A

1) Structural-Build body parts(muscles)
2) Transport-Carry matierals around the body
3) Hormones- Transfer signals from one body part to other
4) Enzymes- Speed up chemical reactions in the body
5) antibodies-Help immune response

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11
Q

What are Mutations

A

Change in the order of base pairs in DNA, cause by physical damage to the DNA in one or many cells.

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12
Q

What is a Mutagen

A

Substance or factor that causes mutation ex, x-rays, UV rays, Chemicals, mercury

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13
Q

What are 3 rules of Cell Theory

A

1) All living things are composed of one ore more cells
2) Cells are basic structural and functional units of life
3) All cells arise from the division of other cells

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14
Q

what is Magnification

A

The ability of lenses to enlarge the image of a specimen.

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15
Q

What is Resolution

A

The amount of detail seen when viewing a specimen

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16
Q

List the total magnifications

A

1) 4x10= 40
2) 10x10=100
3) 40x10=400

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17
Q

All tissues in our bodies are made up of…

A

Cells

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18
Q

Where are instructions carried?

A

In the chromatin

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19
Q

What is a chromatin

A

A long thread-like pieces of DNA divided into genes

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20
Q

What happens before cell divides

A

1) DNA is replicated
2) The cell makes a copy of every chromatin strand
3) These copies are called Sister Chromaids

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21
Q

Humans have 23 pairs of chromatin in each cell what must happen before cell division takes place

A

All 23 pairs must be replicated.

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22
Q

what happens before PMAT

A

23 pairs of DNA must replicate in each cell before cell division

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23
Q

Once DNA replicates what are the 2 steps that occur

A

1) Mitosis

2) Cytokinesis

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24
Q

Steps of Mitosis

A
  1. Interphase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase
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25
Q

Explain prophase

A

1- Centrioles move to the opposite ends of the cell
2- spindle fibers from between centrioles
3- Chromatin coils up into chromosomes
4- nuclear membrane & nucleus disinigrate
5- Chromosomes hooks onto spindle fibers by their centromeres

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26
Q

Explain Metaphase

A

Spindel fiber shorten or lengthen puling chromosomes to align in the middle (equator)

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27
Q

Explain Anaphase

A

1- centromeres split & each half pulls the chromatids to opposite ends
2- Chromosomes are now single-stranded

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28
Q

Explain Telophase

A
  1. Spindle fiber are disassembled
  2. centrioles replicate
  3. nucleoi and nuclear membrane reapper
  4. Chromosome unwind into chromatin
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29
Q

Explain Cytokinesis

A

Cytokinesis is the division of the cell into the two daughter cells, this begins near the end of Telophase

30
Q

The life span of cells in your body depend on what?

A
  1. Function of cell

2. conditions in which cell lives

31
Q

Describe Interphase

A

Interphase is

  • period of time between cell divisions
  • cell is growing & performing its job
  • DNA in the form of chromatin
32
Q

What happens at the end of interphase

A

At the end DNA replicates

33
Q

Celll divison will not proceed if…

A
  1. Not enough nutirients to support all growth
  2. DNA had not been replicated
  3. DNA is damages
34
Q

What is cancer

A

cells that ignore stop signs and divided repetidly and excessively

35
Q

Cancer cell clumps are…

A

Tumors

36
Q

How can cancer happen

A
  1. Spontenous
  2. Inherited
  3. Exposures to carcinogens
37
Q

What are carcinogins?

A

Enviromental factors that cause Cancer.

38
Q

What does Benign

A

Non cancerous

39
Q

What does Malignant mean

A

Cancerous

40
Q

Air travels through the nose or mouth and into the…

A

Pharynx or throat

41
Q

After the pharynx/throat where does air travel to next

A

Larynx

42
Q

what does the larynx

A

contains vocal cords that produce the ound

43
Q

During resperation where does air enter?

A

Trachea branches wich go in to two different bronchi and end at alveoli

44
Q

What are Aveoli surrounded by

A

tiny blood vessels called Callpilary networks that carry blood

45
Q

How does Gas exchange occure

A

By difusion

46
Q

When you breath in oxygen what do you breath out

A

Carbon dioxide

47
Q

What is the Circulatory system

A

A system made up of blood vessels that carry blood away from and towards the heart. (transports cells)

48
Q

What are some subtances the Circulatory system transports

A
  1. nutrients- glucose, vitmens mineral and water
  2. gases- o2 from lungs to tissue cells
  3. wastes and toxins
49
Q

Main components of Circulatory system

A
  1. Blood
  2. heart
  3. blood vessels
50
Q

what is blood consisted of

A

cells- red and white blood cells

plasma-fluid apart of the blood

51
Q

How many chambers in the human heart

A

4

52
Q

what does the right atrium do

A

Collects blood from body and heart itself

53
Q

what does the right ventricle do

A

Pumps blood into the lungs

54
Q

What does the left atrium do

A

collects blood from lungs

55
Q

what does the left ventricle do

A

pumps blood to body and heart itself

56
Q

What do arteries do

A

Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart

57
Q

What do veins do

A

Carry deoxygenated blood to the heart

58
Q

What do capillaries do

A
  1. bring oxygen & nutrients to tissue

2. take carbon dioxide &other waste away

59
Q

Name 3 organs that relase enzymes

A
  1. liver
  2. Gallblader
  3. Pancrease
60
Q

Which organ absorbs nutrients

A

Small intestine

61
Q

What is ingestion

A

taking in food or eating

62
Q

Digestion

A

Physical and chemical breakdown of food.

63
Q

4 things the plant cell differs from animal cell

A
  1. has cell wall
  2. has chloroplast
  3. large vacuoles
  4. has no centrioles
64
Q

This part of the cell is the storage area for water and dissolved particles

A

vacuole

65
Q

When the DNA in a cell is uncoiled and spread throughout the nucleus it is called

A

Interphase

66
Q

What does permable mean in a cell

A

All things can pass

67
Q

What do ribsomes do

A

makes protiens according to DNA instructions

68
Q

WHat do Lysomes do

A

They break down excess or worn-out cell parts and contain digestive enzymes

69
Q

What are STEM cells

A

Stem cells are special human cells that are able to develop into many different cell types, this can range from muscle cells to brain cells

70
Q

What is cell differentiation

A

The formation of specialized cells

Science-Grade 10 (4 decks)

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