Biology 9: Respiration Flashcards
What is the symbol equation for aerobic respiration (also balanced)?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 —-> 6CO2 + 6H2O
Why does the body respond to exercise in this way (increase in heart rate, breathing rate and breath volume)?
- To increase the rate of supply of Glucose and Oxygen to the muscles
- To increase the rate of removal of Carbon Dioxide from the muscles
How does the body respond to exercise?
- Increase in heart rate
- Increase in breathing rate
- Increase in breath volume
- Increase on the flow of oxygenate blood to the muscles
- Glycogen stores in the muscles are converted to Glucose for cellular respiration
Where does aerobic respiration take place?
-Most reactions take place in the mitochondria of your cells
What does the liver first convert lactic acid into?
-Glucose
How is the energy transferred during respiration used?
-Used to enable muscles to contract
Why do stores of glycogen change with exercise?
-They are converted to Glucose for cellular respiration
What does the hepatic portal vein do?
-Carries blood containing digested food from the intestines to the liver
What is the function of glycogen?
- Muscles store Glucose as glycogen
- Glycogen can be converted back to Glucose to use during exercise
- The glucose is used in aerobic respiration to transfer the energy needed to make your muscles contract
What is metabolism?
-The sum of all the reactions that place in a cell or in the body
What are the 6 most common metabolic reactions?
- Coversion of Glucose to starch, glycogen, and cellulose
- The formation of lipids from molecule of glycerol and three fatty acids
- Use of Glucose and Nitrate ions to form amino acids to make proteins
- The reactions of respiration
- The reactions of photosynthesis
- Forming Urea, the breakdown of excess proteins in the liver to form urea for excretion in the urine by the kidneys
What does the liver do with unneeded Glucose?
-It stores it as glycogen
Where does anaerobic respiration take place?
-In the fluid portion of the Cytoplasm of cells
What are 5 uses of fermentation?
- Yoghurt
- Alcohol
- Pickles
- Bread
- Fuel
What ways is energy from respiration used by the organism?
- Build up large molecules from smaller ones to make new cell material
- Break down larger molecules to smaller ones during digestion and within the cell
- Enable animal muscles to contract so that the animals can move
- Keep mammals and birds body temp steady when their surroundings are colder than they are
- Move mineral ions such as nitrates from the soil into root hair cells
- Convert sugars, nitrates and other nutrients into amino acids, which are built up into proteins
What is an oxygen debt?
-The amount of Oxygen needed to break down the Lactic acid to Carbon Dioxide and Water
Define aerobic respiration:
-A type of respiration in which Oxygen is taken in and Carbon Dioxide and Water are produced
What are the metabolic functions of the liver?
- Detoxifying poisonous substances e.g. Ethanol from alcoholic drinks
- Passing the breakdown products into the blood
- Breaking down old, worn out blood cells
- Storing the iron from haemoglobin until it is needed to synthesize more blood cells
When is Ethanol and Carbon Dioxide a result of anaerobic respiration?
-In plant cells and some microorganisms such as yeast
How can you show that Carbon Dioxide is released durobg aerobic respiration?
- Add limewater if it goes cloudy them Carbon Dioxide is present
- The higher the concentration of Carbon Dioxide, the quicker the limewater goes cloudy
What does the hepatic artery do?
-Brings oxygenated blood to the liver
What is the equation for aerobic respiration?
Glucose + Oxygen —-> Carbon Dioxide + Water (+ energy)
Why does anaerobic respiration take place?
- If Muscles work hard for a long time, they become fatigued and don’t contract efficiently.
- If they don’t get enough Oxygen, they will respire Anaerobicallu
Why do muscles get tired diring exercise?
-Due to the build up pf lactic acid
Is aerobic respiration an Exothermic or Endothermic reaction?
Cellular respiration is an Exothermic reaction because energy is transferred to he environment
What does the hepatic vein do?
-Carries blood from the liver on to the heart with levels if food adjusted
Explain why respiration is an exothermic reaction?
-Because during the process, oxidation of Glucose takes place which generates large amount of heat energy
What does the build up of lactic acid in the muscles as a result of anaerobic respiration create?
-An Oxygen debt
What is the equation for anaerobic respiration?
Glucose —-> Lactic acid (+ energy)
After the liver converts lactic acid into Glucose what is it then converted into?
-Carbon Dioxide and Water using aerobic respiration
Fermentation Equation:
Glucose —-> Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide (+ Energy)
How does the liver help in removing lactic acid?
-Blood flowing through the muscles transports lactic acid to the liver where it is converted back to Glucose
Define anaerobic respiration:
-The incomplete breakdown of Glucose in the absense of Oxygen and aerobic respiration
How is the energy transferred by respiration in cells used?
-Used by the organism for the continual enzyme-controlled processes of metabolism that synthesise new molecules
What is the metabolic rate?
-The rate at which metabolism occurs in a living organism
