B7

Question 1

diet linked with disease

Answer 1

-poor diet increases risk of developing cardiovascular disease and other diseases through cholesterol levels and indirectly through obesity

Question 2

what is a non-communicable disease?

Answer 2

a disease which cannot be passed from one individual to another

Question 3

alcohol and pregnancy causes:

Answer 3

if a pregnant women drinks alcohol, it passes through the placenta into the developing baby. known as Fetal Alcohol Syndrome(FAS) it can cause:

• miscarriage
• stillbirth
• premature birth
• low birthweight
• facial deformities
• teeth, jaw or hearing problems
• kidney, liver, and heart problems
• learning and other developmental problems

Question 4

what can alcohol affect/cause?

Answer 4

• affects nervous system, making thought processes, reflexes and many reactions slower than normal
• cirrhosis of the liver, a disease that destroys the liver tissue
• liver cancer
• brain damage and death

Question 5

How do the chemicals in tobacco smoke affect your lungs?

Answer 5

-cilia in trachea and bronchi stop working for a time, allowing dirt and pathogens down into lungs and increasing risk of infections.

Question 6

what is a causal mechanism?

Answer 6

• a risk factor that may be partly responsible for a disease
• e.g. there is a clear causal link between smoking tobacco and lung cancer

Question 7

ways to treat cancer:

Answer 7

• radiotherapy, cancer cells are destroyed by targeted doses of radiation
• chemotherapy, chemicals are used to stop the cancer cells dividing or to make them ‘self destruct’

Question 8

risk factors for disease:

Answer 8

-genes from parents
-age
-life aspects
(smoking)
(lack of exercise)
(overeating)
-UV light from sun

Question 9

exercise linked with disease:

Answer 9

-exercise levels affect the likelihood of developing cardiovascular disease

Question 10

how does smoking while pregnant affect the baby?

Answer 10

a fetus exposed to smoke has restricted oxygen

Question 11

causes of cancer:

Answer 11

• genetic risk factors (breast cancer, ovarian cancer)
• mutations-tar found in tobacco smoke can cause mutations that trigger formation of tumours
• ionising radiation (UV light, X-rays can cause tumours to form)
• virus infections e.g. cervical cancer usually result of infection by HPV

Question 12

what is a carcinogen?

Answer 12

-substance capable of causing cancer in living tissue

Question 13

How does Tar from cigarettes effect your body?

Answer 13

• paralyzes and kills cilia making it harder to clear your trachea, developing into smokers cough because you need to cough to get mucus through the trachea.
• also makes your Alveoli more round, with less of a surface area it is harder to get oxygen around the body

Question 14

what is a malignant tumour cell?

Answer 14

• malignant tumour cells are cancers
• they invade neighbouring tissues and may spread to different parts of the body in the blood where they form secondary tumours

Question 15

obesity and type 2 diabetes:

Answer 15

-obesity is a casual mechanism(strong risk factor) for type 2 diabetes

Question 16

what is a benign tumour?

Answer 16

• benign tumours form in one place and do not spread to other tissues
• they can be very dangerous because there is no extra space for them to grow into

Question 17

What can smoking cause?

Answer 17

• Tar makes smokers more likely to develop bronchitis(inflammation and infection of the bronchi)
• Tar in the lung tissue can lead to breakdown in structure of alveoli, causing Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease(COPD). reduces the surface area to volume ratio of the lungs, leading to severe breathlessness and eventually death
• tar is a carcinogen. it increases the risk of lung cancer developing
• heart disease

Question 18

what is a tumour?

Answer 18

a mass of abnormally growing cells