Biology

Question 1

4 tenets of Cell Theory

Answer 1

1) All living things composed of cells
2) Cell is basic functional unit of life
3) Cells only arise from preexisting cells
4) Cells carry genetic info in the form of DNA

Question 2

Lysosomes

Answer 2

Contain hydrolytic enzymes that can break down substances ingested by endocytosis and cellular waste products

Question 3

Rough ER

Answer 3

Studded w/ ribosomes; permit translation of proteins destined for secretion

Question 4

Smooth ER

Answer 4

Lipid synthesis and detoxification

Question 5

Peroxisomes

Answer 5

Contain hydrogen peroxide; can break down very long chain fatty acids via beta-oxidation

Question 6

Microfilaments composed of

Answer 6

actin

Question 7

Microtubules composed of

Answer 7

tubulin

Question 8

Intermediate filaments

Answer 8

Involved in cell-cell adhesion and maintenance of integrity if cytoskeleton

Question 9

Epithelial cells form the

Answer 9

parenchyma

Question 10

Connective tissues form the

Answer 10

stroma/support structure; secrete materials to form an extracellular matrix

Question 11

Archaea

Answer 11

Live in harsh environments; use chemical sources of energy; have single circle chromosome and divide via binary fission; have histones and similar RNA polymerases to eukaryotes

Question 12

Bacteria

Answer 12

Have cell walls, lack organelles; classified by shape (cocci, bacilli, spirilli), metabolic process (aerobes, anaerobes)

Question 13

Eukarya

Answer 13

Have nucleus, membrane bound organelles, may form multicellular organisms

Question 14

Plasmid

Answer 14

Extrachromosomal material in bacteria that can contain antibiotic resistance genes (virulence factors)

Question 15

Bacterial genetic recombination

Answer 15

increases bacterial diversity

Question 16

Transformation

Answer 16

Genetic material from surroundings is taken up into cell, which can incorporate into the genome

Question 17

Conjugation

Answer 17

Transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another across a conjugation bridge

Question 18

Transduction

Answer 18

Transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another via a bacteriophage vector

Question 19

Transposons

Answer 19

Genetic elements that can insert into or remove themselves from the genome

Question 20

Virus structure

Answer 20

Composed of genetic material (circular, linear, single or double stranded DNA or RNA) + protein coat (capsid). Sometimes surrounded by an envelope containing lipids

Question 21

Lytic cycle

Answer 21

Bacteriophage maximizes use of cells machinery w/ little regard for survival of host cell. Host is swollen w/ virions, cell lyses, and other bacteria can be infected. Virus in lytic phase = virulent

Question 22

Retrovirus

Answer 22

Enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus; carries the enzyme reverse transcriptase

Question 23

Lysogenic cycle

Answer 23

If virus does not lyse the bacterium and integrates into host genome as a provirus or prophage; virus is replicated as bacterium reproduces