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MCAT > Behavioral Sciences > Flashcards

Behavioral Sciences Flashcards

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1
Q

3 types of neurons

A

Sensory (afferent), motor (efferent), interneurons

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2
Q

Reflex arcs

A

use the ability of interneurons in the spinal chord to relay information to the source of stimuli while simultaneously routing it to the brain

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3
Q

Central nervous system (CNS)

A

Brain and spinal chord

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4
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

Most cranial and spinal nerves; divided into somatic and autonomic

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5
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Sensory and motor neurons distributed throughout skin, joints, and muscles; sensory neurons transmit info through afferent fibers; motor impulses travel along efferent fibers

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6
Q

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

Regulates heartbeat, respiration, digestion, and glandular secretions; subdivided into sympathetic and parasympathetic

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7
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Fight or flight; activated by stress; increases heart rate, relaxes bronchi, decreases digestion; dilates eyes; redistributes blood to muscles of locomotion; increases blood glucose

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8
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Rest and digest; conserve energy; resting and sleeping states, constricts bronchi, slows heart rate, stimulates peristalsis and secretion, constricts pupils

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9
Q

3 subdivisions of the brain

A

Hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain

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10
Q

Hindbrain

A

Contains cerebellum, medulla oblongata, and reticular formation; controls balance, motor coordination, breathing, digestion, and general arousal processes

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11
Q

Midbrain

A

Contains inferior and superior colliculi; receives sensory and motor information from the rest of the body; involuntary reflex responses

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12
Q

Forebrain

A

Contains thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, limbic system, and cerebral cortex; associated with complex perceptual, cognitive, and behavioral processes; emotion and memory

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13
Q

Thalamus

A

Relay station for sensory info

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14
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Maintains homeostasis; integrates w/ endocrine system through portal system that connects it to anterior pituitary

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15
Q

Limbic system

A

Amygdala, septal nuclei, hippocampus; controls emotion and memory

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16
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Executive function, impulse control, long-term planning, motor function, speech productiom

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17
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Sensation of touch, temp, pressure and pain, spacial processing, orientation, and manipulation

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18
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Sound processing, speech perception, memory, and emotion

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19
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Visual processing

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20
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Used by somatic nervous system to move muscles; used by parasympathetic and central nervous system for alertness

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21
Q

Dopamine

A

Smooth movements and steady posture

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22
Q

Serotonin

A

Modulates mood, sleep patterns, eating patterns, dreaming

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23
Q

GABA

A

Plays important role in stabilizing neural activity in brain

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24
Q

Epinephrine/norepinephrine

A

Control alertness and wakefulness; fight or flight; norepi = acts locally as neurotransmitter; epi = secreted from adrenal medulla - acts systematically as hormone

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25
Q

Neuropeptides

A

Relatively slow, w/ longer effects than neurotransmitters; endorphins = natural painkillers

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26
Q

Development of nervous system

A

Neurulation at 3-4 weeks:

  • ectoderm overlying notochord begins to furrow, forming neural groove surrounded by 2 neural folds
  • Cells at edge of neural fold = neural crest
  • furrow closes to form neural tube, which will form the CNS
  • Neural tube has alar plate which differentiates into sensory neurons and basal plate which differentiates into motor neurons
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27
Q

Child development milestones

A
  • Gross and fine motor abilities progress head to toe and core to periphery
  • Social skills shift from parent-oriented to self-oriented to other-oriented
  • Language skills become increasingly complex
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28
Q

Rooting reflex

A

Infant turns head toward anything that brushes cheek

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29
Q

Moro reflex

A

Infant extends arms, then slowly retracts them and cries in response to sensation of falling

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30
Q

Babinski reflex

A

Infant’s big toe is extended, and the other toes fan in response to brushing sole of foot

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31
Q

Grasping relfex

A

Infant grabs anything put into his/her hand

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32
Q

Sensation

A

Conversion/transduction of physical, electromagnetic, auditory, and other info from the internal and external environment into electrical signals in the nervous system

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33
Q

Perception

A

The processing of sensory info to make sense of its significance

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34
Q

Sensory receptors

A

Nerves that respond to stimuli and trigger electrical signals

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35
Q

Sensory ganglia

A

Collections of cell bodies outside the CNS; transmit signals from sensory stimuli

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36
Q

Projection areas

A

Where sensory stimuli projected to; further analyze sensory input

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37
Q

Absolute threshold

A

Minimum stimulus energy needed to activate the sensory system

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38
Q

Threshold of conscious perception

A

Minimum stimulus energy that will create a signal large enough in size and long enough in duration to be brought into awareness

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39
Q

Difference threshold/Just-noticeable difference (jnd)

A

Minimum difference in magnitude between two stimuli before one can perceive this difference

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40
Q

Weber’s law

A

States that the jnd for a stimulus is proportional to magnitude of the stimulus, and that this proportion is constant over most of the range of possible stimuli

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41
Q

Signal detection theory

A

The effects of nonsensory factors (experiences, motives, expectations) on perception of stimuli

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42
Q

Adaption

A

Decrease in response to a stimulus over time

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43
Q

Cornea

A

Gathers and filters incoming light

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44
Q

Iris

A

Divides the front of the eye into anterior and posterior chambers; Contains the muscles of dilator and constrictor pupillae which open and close the pupil

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45
Q

Lens

A

Refracts incoming light to focus it on the retina and is held in place by suspensory ligaments connected to the ciliary muscle

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46
Q

Aqueous humor

A

Produced by ciliary body; drains through canal of Schlemm

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47
Q

Rods

A

Detect light and dark

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48
Q

Cones

A

Detect colors; Short, medium, long wavelengths; Fovea at center of macula contains only cones

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49
Q

Visual pathway

A

Eye -> optic nerves -> optic chiasm -> optic tracts -> lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) -> visual radiations -> visual cortex

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50
Q

Parvocellular cells

A

Detect shape; high spatial resolution & low temporal resolution

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51
Q

Magnocellular cells

A

Detect motion; Low spatial resolution & high temporal resolution

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52
Q

Outer ear

A

Consists of pinna (auricle), external auditory canal, and tympanic membrane

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53
Q

Middle ear

A

Consists of the ossicles: Malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), stapes (stirrup)

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54
Q

Inner ear

A

Contains bony labyrinth (filled w/ perilymph) within which is the membranous labyrinth (filled w/ endolymph); Membranous labyrinth contains cochlea, utricle, saccule, semicircular canals

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55
Q

Auditory pathway

A

Cochlea -> vestibular nerve -> medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) -> auditory cortex; sound info also projects to superior olive and inferior colliculus

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56
Q

Olfactory pathway

A

Olfactory nerves -> olfactory bulb -> olfactory tract -> higher-order brain areas (i.e. limbic system)

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57
Q

Somatosensation

A

Refers to 4 touch modalities: Pressure, vibration, pain, temperature

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58
Q

Nociceptors

A

Responsible for pain perception; Gate theory of pain states that pain sensation is reduced when other somatosensory signals are present

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59
Q

Kinesthetic perception (proprioception)

A

The ability to tell where one’s body is in 3-D space

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60
Q

Smell

A

detection of volatile or aerosolized chemicals by the olfactory chemoreceptors (olfactory nerves) in the olfactory epithelium

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61
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

Recognition of objects by parallel processing and feature detection; Slower, but less prone to mistakes

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62
Q

Top-down processing

A

Recognition of an object by memories and expectations w/ little attention to details; Faster, but more prone to mistakes

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63
Q

Gestalt principles

A

Ways that the brain can infer missing parts of a picture when a picture is incomplete

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64
Q

Habituation

A

Becoming used to a stimulus

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65
Q

Associative learning

A

A way of pairing together stimuli and responses, or behaviors and consequences

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66
Q

Classical conditioning

A

An unconditioned stimulus that produces an instinctive, unconditioned response is paired with a neutral stimulus. With repetition, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that produces a conditioned response

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67
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Behavior is changed through the use of consequences (reinforcement, punishment)

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68
Q

Reinforcement

A

Increases the likelihood of a behavior

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69
Q

Punishment

A

Decreases the likelihood of a behavior

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70
Q

Encoding

A

Process of putting new info into memory; Automatic or effortful; Semantic encoding stronger than visual and acoustic encoding

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71
Q

Short-term memory

A

Transient; based on neurotransmitter activity

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72
Q

Working memory

A

Requires short-term memory, attention, and executive function to manipulate info

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73
Q

Long-term memory

A

Requires elaborative rehearsal and is the result of increased neuronal connectivity

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74
Q

Explicit (declarative) memory

A

Stores facts and stories

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75
Q

Implicit (nondeclarative) memory

A

Stores skills and conditioning effects

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76
Q

Retrieval of info

A

Often based on priming interconnected nodes of the semantic network

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77
Q

Recognition vs. recall

A

Recognition of info stronger than recall

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78
Q

Long-term potentiation

A

Responsible for the conversion of short-term to long-term memory; The strengthening of neuronal connections resulting from increased neurotransmitter release and adding of receptor sites

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79
Q

Information processing model

A

The brain encodes, stores, and retrieves info just like a computer

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80
Q

Piaget’s stages of cognitive development

A
  • Sensorimotor stage - focuses on manipulating the environment to meet physical needs through circular reactions; object permanence ends this stage
  • Preoperational - focuses on symbolic thinking, egocentrism and centration
  • Concrete operation - focuses on understanding the feelings of others and manipulating physical (concrete) objects
  • Formal operational - focuses on abstract thought and problem solving
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81
Q

Mental set

A

Pattern of approach for a given problem

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82
Q

Functional fixedness

A

Tendency to use objects only in the way they are normally utilized, which may create barriers to problem solving

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83
Q

Types of problem solving

A
  • Trial and error
  • Algorithms
  • Deductive reasoning- deriving conclusions from general rules
  • Inductive reasoning-deriving generalizations from evidence
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84
Q

Heuristics

A

Shortcuts or rules of thumb used to make decisions

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85
Q

Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences

A

Proposes 7 areas of intelligence including: linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, visual-spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal

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86
Q

Stages of sleep

A
  • Stage 1: light sleep; theta waves
  • Stage 2: slighter deeper; theta waves, sleep spindles, K complexes
  • Stages 3 & 4: deep (slow wave) sleep; delta; NREM sleep; consolidating declarative memories
  • REM sleep: EEG looks like awake; eye movements and body paralysis; dreaming; consolidating procedural memories
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87
Q

Sleep cycle

A

90 minutes; 1-2-3-4-3-2-REM or 1-2-3-4-REM; REM more frequent toward morning

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88
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

24 hour day; changes in light trigger melatonin release by pineal gland; Cortisol levels increase in early morning - wakefulness

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89
Q

Dyssomnias

A

Insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, sleep deprivation

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90
Q

Parasomnias

A

Night terrors, sleep walking

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91
Q

Depressants

A

Alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines; Promote/mimic GABA activity in brain

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92
Q

Stimulants

A

Amphetamines, cocaine, ecstasy; Increase dopamine, norepi, serotonin at synaptic cleft

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93
Q

Opiates

A

Heroin, morphine, opium, prescription pain meds; Can cause death by respiratory depression

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94
Q

Hallucinogens

A

LSD, peyote, ketamine, mescaline, psilocybin-containing mushrooms

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95
Q

Marijuana

A

Depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic effects

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96
Q

Mesolimbic pathyway

A

Includes nucleus accumbens, medial forebrain bundle, ventral tegmental area; Dopamine main neurotransmitter

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97
Q

Phonology

A

Sound of speech

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98
Q

Morphology

A

Building blocks of words, such as rules for pluralization

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99
Q

Semantics

A

Meanings of words

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100
Q

Syntax

A

Rules dictating word order

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101
Q

Pragmatics

A

The changes in language delivery depending on context

102
Q

Nativist (biological) theory of language acquisition

A

Language acquisition is innate and controlled by the language acquisition device (LAD)

103
Q

Learning (behaviorist) theory of language acquisition

A

Language acquisition in controlled by operant conditioning and reinforcement by parents and caregivers

104
Q

Broca’s area

A

motor function of speech

105
Q

Arcuate fasciculus

A

Connects Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas; Damage results in conduction aphasia - inability to repeat words heard despite intact speech generation and comprehension

106
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

language comprehension

107
Q

Instinct theory

A

People perform certain behaviors because of evolutionarily programmed instincts

108
Q

Arousal theory

A

People perform actions to maintain arousal at an optimal level

109
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Law

A

Performance is optimal at a medium level of arousal

110
Q

Drive reduction theory

A

Motivation arises from the desire to eliminate drives, which create uncomfortable internal states

111
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A

Prioritizes needs:

1) Physiological needs
2) Safety and security
3) Love and belonging
4) Self-esteem
5) Self-actualization

112
Q

Self-determination theory

A

Role of 3 universal needs: autonomy, competence, relatedness

113
Q

Incentive theory

A

Motivation is desire to pursue rewards and avoid punishments

114
Q

Expectancy-value theory

A

The amount of motivation for a task is based on the individual’s expectation of success and the amount that success is valued

115
Q

Opponent-process theory

A

Explains motivation for drug use; As drug use increases, the body counteracts its effects, leading to tolerance and uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms

116
Q

3 components of emotion

A
  • Cognitive (subjective)
  • Behavioral (facial expressions and body language)
  • Physiological (changes in autonomic nervous system)
117
Q

7 universal emotions

A

Happiness, sadness, contempt, surprise, fear, disgust, anger

118
Q

James-Lange theory

A

A stimulus results first in physiological arousal, which leads to a secondary response in which the emotion is labeled;
Car cuts you off- > elevated heart rate & flushed face -> “I must be mad because my heart is racing and face is hot”

119
Q

Cannon-Bard theory

A

Simultaneous arousal of nervous system and cognitive response lead to an action:
“I am afraid because I see a snake and my heart is racing!” Then person runs

120
Q

Limbic system

A

Primary nervous system component involved in emotion: amygdala, hypothalamus, hippocampus, PFC

121
Q

General adaption syndrome

A

Alarm, resistance, exhaustion

122
Q

Schachter-Singer theory

A

Nervous system arousal and interpretation of context lead to cognitive response;
“I am excited because my heart is racing and everyone else is happy”
-Cognitive appraisal/two-factor theory

123
Q

Cognitive appraisal of stress

A
  • Primary appraisal: initial evaluation of environment and associated threat
  • Secondary appraisal: directed at evaluating whether the organism can cope with the stress
124
Q

Hippocampus

A

Creates long-term explicit (episodic) memories

125
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

Planning, personality, making decisions; Ventral PFC - experiencing emotion; Ventromedial PFC - controlling emotional responses from amygdala and decision-making

126
Q

Self-concept

A

The sum of ways in which we describe ourselves, present, past, future

127
Q

Self-esteem

A

Describes our evaluation of ourselves; self-worth

128
Q

Self-efficacy

A

Degree to which we see ourselves as being capable at a given skill or in a given situation

129
Q

Locus of control

A

Self-evaluation that refers to the way we characterize the influences in our lives

  • Internal - successes and failures as result of own characteristics and actions
  • External - perceive outside factors as having more influence
130
Q

Freud’s 5 stages psychosocial development

A
  • Oral stage (0-1 yr): libidinal energy centered in mouth; fixation can lead to excessive dependency
  • Anal stage (1-3 yrs): Libido centered on anus; toilet training in this stage; fixation can lead to excessive orderliness or messiness
  • Phallic stage (3-5 yrs): Oedipal conflict for male children and Electra conflict for female children; penis envy; establishes sexual identity and sublimates libidinal energy
  • Latency stage (until puberty): libido largely sublimated
  • Genital stage (puberty-adulthood): If prior development proceeded correctly, person should enter into healthy hetero relationships
131
Q

Erikson’s stages of personality development

A
  • Trust vs. mistrust (0-1 yr): Can I trust the world?
  • Autonomy vs. shame and doubt (1-3 yrs): Is it okay to be me?
  • Initiative vs. guilt (3-6yrs): Is it okay for me to do, move, and act?
  • Industry vs. inferiority (6-12 yrs): Can I make it in the world of people and things?
  • Identity vs. role confusion (12-20): Who am I? What can I be?
  • Intimacy vs. isolation (20-40): Can I love?
  • Generativity vs. stagnation (40-65): Can I make my life count?
  • Integrity vs. despair (65-death): Is it okay to have been me?
132
Q

Kohlberg’s moral reasoning

A
  • Preconventional morality (Preadolescence)
    1) Obedience
    2) Self-interest
  • Conventional morality (Adolescence-adulthood)
    3) Conformity
    4) Law and order
  • Postconventional morality (Adulthood, if at all)
    5) Social contract
    6) Universal human ethics
133
Q

Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development

A

Refers to the skills and abilities that have not yet fully developed but are in the process of development; gaining the skills requires help from a “more knowledgeable other”

134
Q

Looking-glass self

A

Others reflecting our selves back to ourselves; seeing ourselves through another’s viewpoint

135
Q

Reference group

A

group to which we compare ourselves - influences self-concept

136
Q

Freud - psychoanalytic perspective of personality

A

id - basic, primal, inborn urges to survive & reproduce; unconscious
ego - guides/inhibits activity of the id; mediator between id/superego; preconsciousness
superego - judges actions- idealist, perfectionist; pride/guilt; unconscious

137
Q

Jung - psychoanalytic perspective of personality

A

Collective unconsciousness links all humans together; personality is influenced by archetypes (images of common experiences)

138
Q

Humanistic view of personality

A

Emphasizes internal feelings of healthy individuals as they strive toward happiness and self-realization; Maslow’s hierarchy, Roger’s unconditional positive regard

139
Q

Type and trait theory of personality

A

Personality described as a number of identifiable traits that carry characteristic behaviors

140
Q

Eysencks’ trait theory

A

PEN model:

  • psychoticism
  • extraversion
  • neuroticism
141
Q

Big Five traits of personality

A

OCEAN:

  • openness
  • conscientiousness
  • extraversion
  • agreeableness
  • neuroticism
142
Q

Cardinal, central, secondary traits

A

Cardinal - traits around which person organizes life
Central - major characteristics or personality
Secondary - more personal characteristics, limited in occurrence

143
Q

Social cognitive perspective of personality

A

Individuals interact with their environment in a cycle called reciprocal determinism; people mold their environments according to their personalities

144
Q

Schizophrenia

A

Psychotic disorder with positive (adding to behavior) and negative (absence of normal behavior) symptoms:
Positive - delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought, disorganized/catatonic behavior
Negative - disturbance of affect, avolition

145
Q

Depressive Symptoms

A 
SIG E CAPS
Sadness +
-sleep disturbance
-interest (loss of)
-guilt
-energy (lack of)
-concentration difficulty
-appetite (loss of)
-psychomotor symptoms
-suicidal thoughts
146
Q

Bipolar

A

Characterized by both depression and mania;

  • Mania = abnormally and persistently elevated mood; distractibility, grandiosity, decreased need for sleep, racing thoughts, talkativeness, etc; includes psychosis
  • Bipolar 1 has manic episodes with or without depressive episodes
  • Bipolar 2 has hypomania and depressive episodes
147
Q

Agoraphobia

A

Anxiety disorder characterized by fear of being in places or situations where it might be hard for an individual to escape; tend to be uncomfortable leaving the home

148
Q

Dissociative disorders

A

Person avoids stress by escaping from their identity, but still has an intact sense of reality;

  • Dissociative amnesia: inability to recall past experiences
  • Dissociative identity disorder: two or more personalities recurrently take control of person’s behavior
  • Depersonalization/Derealization disorder: detached from own mind/body; surroundings
149
Q

Somatic symptom and related disorders

A

Marked by somatic (bodily) symptoms that cause significant stress or impairment; somatic symptom disorder, illness anxiety disorder, conversion disorder -> la belle indifference

150
Q

Personality disorders

A

A pattern of behavior that is inflexible and maladaptive, causing distress or impaired functioning in at least two of the following: cognition, emotions, interpersonal functioning, impulse control;
Cluster A - paranoid, schizotypal, schizoid personality; marked by behavior labeled as odd or eccentric
Cluster B - antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic; marked by behavior labeled as dramatic, emotional, erratic
Cluster C - avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive personality; marked by behavior labeled as anxious or fearful

151
Q

Biological markers of schizophrenia

A

Excess dopamine in the brain

Partially inherited disease; potential causes include hypoxemia at birth, excessive marijuana use in adolescence

152
Q

Biological markers of depression

A
  • Abnormally high glucose metabolism in amygdala
  • Hippocampal atrophy after long duration of illness
  • Abnormally high levels of cortisol
  • Decreased norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine

-Increased norepinephrine and serotonin in bipolar disorder

153
Q

Biological markers of Parkinson’s disease

A

Bradykinesia, resting tremor, pill-rolling tremor, mask-like face, cogwheel rigidity, shuffling gait;
Decreased production of dopamine by cells in the substantia nigra

154
Q

Social facilitation

A

Tendency of people to perform at a different level based on the fact that others are around

155
Q

Deindividuation

A

Loss of self-awareness in large groups, which can lead to drastic changes in behavior

156
Q

Bystander effect

A

When in a group, individuals are less likely to respond to a person in need

157
Q

Group polarization

A

The tendency toward making decisions in a group that are more extreme than the thoughts of the individual group members

158
Q

Groupthink

A

The tendency for groups to make decisions based on ideas and solutions that arise within the group without considering outside idea; pressure to conform and maintain loyalty

159
Q

Multiculturalism

A

The encouragement of multiple cultures within a community to enhance diversity

160
Q

Subcultures

A

A group of people within a culture that distinguish themselves from the primary culture to which they belong

161
Q

Assimilation

A

Process by which a group or individual’s culture begins to melt into another culture

162
Q

Socialization

A

Developing and spreading norms, customs, and belief

163
Q

Stigma

A

The extreme disapproval or dislike of a person or group based on perceived differences from the rest of society

164
Q

Compliance

A

Occurs when individuals change their behavior based on the requests of others

165
Q

Attitudes

A

tendencies toward expression of positive or negative feelings or evaluations of something

166
Q

Functional attitudes theory

A

4 functional areas of attitudes that serve individuals in life: knowledge, ego expression, adaptability, ego defense

167
Q

Learning theory

A

Attitudes are developed through forms of learning: direct contact, direct interaction, direct instruction, conditioning

168
Q

Elaboration likelihood model

A

Attitudes are formed and changed through different routes of information processing based on the degree of elaboration (central route, peripheral route)

169
Q

Social cognitive theory of attitude

A

Attitudes formed through observation of behavior, personal factors, environment

170
Q

Ascribed status

A

Involuntarily assigned to an individual based on race, ethnicity, gender, family background, etc

171
Q

Achieved status

A

Voluntarily earned by an individual

172
Q

Master status

A

Status by which an individual is primarily identified

173
Q

Role

A

A set of beliefs, values, norms that define the expectations of a certain status in a social situation;
Role set = all different roles associated w/ a status

174
Q

Role conflict; role strain

A

Conflict - One has difficulty in satisfying the requirements of multiple roles simultaneously
Strain - One has difficulty satisfying multiple requirements of the same role simultaneously

175
Q

In-group/out-group

A

In - group in which an individual identifies

Out - group in which an individual competes or opposes

176
Q

Primary group

A

those that contain strong, emotional bonds

177
Q

Secondary group

A

are often temporary and contain fewer emotional bonds and weaker bonds overall

178
Q

Gemeinschaft (community)

A

A group unified by feelings of togetherness due to shared beliefs, ancestry, or geography

179
Q

Gesellschaft (society)

A

A group unified by mutual self-interests in achieving a goal

180
Q

Network

A

An observable pattern of social relationships between individuals or groups

181
Q

Organizations

A

Bodies of people with a structure and culture designed to achieve specific goals; exist outside of each individual’s membership within the organization

182
Q

Basic model of emotional expression

A

Established by Darwin; There are universal emotions along w/ corresponding expressions that can be understood across cultures

183
Q

Social construction model

A

Emotions are solely based on the situational context of social interactions

184
Q

Display rules

A

Unspoken rules that govern the expression of emotion

185
Q

Cultural syndrome

A

A shared set of beliefs, norms, values, and behaviors organized around a central theme, as is found among people sharing the same language and geography

186
Q

Impression management

A

The maintenance of public image, which is accomplished through various strategies:

  • self disclosure
  • managing appearances
  • ingratiation
  • aligning actions
  • alter-casting
187
Q

Impression management

A

The maintenance of public image, which is accomplished through various strategies:

  • Self disclosure (sharing factual info)
  • Managing appearances (using props, appearance, emotional expression to create positive image)
  • Ingratiation (using flattery or conformity)
  • Aligning actions (excuses to account for behavior)
  • Alter-casting (imposing an identity onto another person)
188
Q

Dramaturgical approach

A

Individuals create images of themselves in the same way that actors perform a role in front of an audience:
Front stage: the individual is seen by the audience and strives to preserve his desired image
Back stage: the individual is not in front of an audience and is free to act outside of his desired image

189
Q

Verbal vs. nonverbal communication

A 
Verbal = spoken, written or signed
Nonverbal = body language, prosody, facial expression, gestures
190
Q

Interpersonal attraction

A

What makes people like each other, influenced by:

  • Physical attractiveness
  • Similar attitudes
  • Self disclosure (sharing fears, thoughts, goals)
  • Reciprocity (we like people who we think like us)
  • Proximity (physically close)
191
Q

Golden ratio

A

Symmetry of body proportions found attractive to humans

192
Q

Aggression

A

Physical, verbal, or nonverbal behavior w// the intention to cause harm or increase social dominance

193
Q

Attachment

A

An emotional bond to another person; 4 types:

  • Secure
  • Avoidant
  • Ambivalent
  • Disorganized
194
Q

Secure attachment

A

Requires a consistent caregiver so the child is able to go out and explore, knowing he or she has a secure base to return to; the child will show strong preference for the caregiver

195
Q

Avoidant attachment

A

Occurs when a caregiver has little or no response to a distressed, crying child; the child shows no preference for the caregiver compared to strangers

196
Q

Ambivalent attachment

A

Occurs when a caregiver has an inconsistent response to a child’s distress, sometimes responding appropriately, sometimes neglectful; the child will become distressed when the caregiver leaves and is ambivalent when he or she returns

197
Q

Disorganized attachment

A

Occurs when a caregiver is erratic or abusive; the child shows no clear pattern of behavior in response to the caregiver’s absence or presence and may show repetitive behaviors

198
Q

Esteem support

A

Affirms the qualities and skills of the person

199
Q

Network support

A

Providing a sense of belonging to a person

200
Q

Altruism

A

Form of helping behavior in which the person’s intent is to benefit someone else at some cost to him or herself

201
Q

Game theory

A

Attempts to explain decision making between individuals as if they are participating in a game

202
Q

Polygyny: polyandry

A

Male w/ multiple female mates; Female w/ multiple male mates

203
Q

Inclusive fitness

A

A measure of an organism’s success in the population; Based on number of offspring, success in supporting offspring, and the ability of the offspring to then support others

204
Q

Social perception/social cognition

A

The way by which we generate impressions about people in our social environment; contains perceiver, his or her target, and the situation or social context of the scenario

205
Q

Implicit personality theory

A

People make assumptions about how different types of people, their traits, and their behavior are related

206
Q

Primacy effect

A

When first impressions are more important than subsequent impressions; tendency to recall info at start of list

207
Q

Recency effect

A

More recent info is better remembered

208
Q

Serial position effect

A

Tendency to recall first and last items in list

209
Q

Reliance on central traits

A

The tendency to organize the perception of others based on traits and personal characteristics that matter to the perceiver

210
Q

Halo effect

A

When judgements of an individual’s character can be affected by the overall impression of the individual

211
Q

Just-world hypothesis

A

The tendency of individuals to believe that good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people

212
Q

Self-serving bias

A

Individuals will view their own successes as being based on internal factors, while viewing failures as being based on external factors

213
Q

Attribution theory

A

The tendency for individuals to infer the causes of other people’s behavior

  • Dispositional (internal): causes that relate to the features of the person whose behavior is being considered
  • Situational (external): causes related to features of the surroundings or social context
214
Q

Correspondent inference theory

A

used to describe attributions made by observing the intentional (especially unexpected) behaviors performed by another person

215
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

The bias toward making dispositional attributions rather than situational attributions in regard to the actions of others

216
Q

Attribute substitution

A

occurs when individuals must make judgements that are complex but instead substitute a simpler solution or heuristic

217
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A

Stereotypes lead to expectations of certain groups, which can create conditions that lead to or confirm the stereotype

218
Q

Stereotype threat

A

concern or anxiety about confirming a negative stereotype about one’s social group

219
Q

Prejudice

A

An irrational positive or negative attitude toward a person, group, or thing prior to an actual experience

220
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

The practice of making judgements about other cultures based on the values and beliefs of one’s own culture

221
Q

Cultural relativism

A

The recognition that social groups and cultures should be studied on their own terms

222
Q

Discrimination

A

When prejudicial attitudes cause individuals of a particular group to be treated differently from others

223
Q

Functionalism

A

Focuses on function of each component of society and how those components fit together
Manifest functions: deliberate actions that serve to help a given system
Latent functions: unexpected, unintended, or unrecognized positive consequences of manifest functions

224
Q

Conflict theory

A

Focuses on how power differentials are created and how these differentials contribute to the maintenance of social order

225
Q

Symbolic interactionism

A

The study of the ways individuals interact through a shared understanding of words, gestures, and other symbols

226
Q

Social constructionism

A

Explores the ways in which individuals and groups make decisions to agree upon a given social reality

227
Q

Rational choice theory

A

Individuals will make decisions that maximize potential benefit and minimize potential harm;
Exchange theory - applies rational choice theory within social groups

228
Q

Feminist theory

A

Explores the ways in which one gender can be subordinated, minimized, or devalued compared to the other

229
Q

Social institutions

A

Well-established social structures that dictate certain patterns of behavior or relationships and are accepted as a fundamental part of culture (ex. family, education, religion, government)

230
Q

4 key ethical tenets of American medicine

A
  • Beneficence: acting in the patient’s best interest
  • Nonmaleficence: avoiding treatments for which risk is larger than benefit
  • Respect for autonomy: respecting patients’ tights to make decisions about their own healthcare
  • Justice: Treating similar patients similarly and distributing healthcare resources fairly
231
Q

Culture

A

Encompasses the lifestyle of a group and includes both material and symbolic elements

232
Q

Cultural lag

A

The idea that material culture changes more quickly than symbolic culture

233
Q

Demographics

A

The statistics of populations; the mathematical applications of sociology

  • Age
  • Gender
  • Race
  • Ethnicity
  • Sexual orientation
  • Immigration status
234
Q

Fertility rate; Birth rate

A

Fertility - average number of children born to a woman during her lifetime in a population
Birth - relative to a population size over time, usually measured by number of births per 1000 people per year

235
Q

Demographic transition

A

A model used to represent drops in birth and death rates as a result of industrialization

236
Q

Globalization

A

The process of integrating a global economy with free trade and tapping of foreign labor markets

237
Q

Urbanization

A

Refers to the process of dense areas of population creating a pull for migration; in other words, creating cities

238
Q

Social class

A

A category of people with shared socioeconomic characteristics; upper, middle, lower

239
Q

Prestige

A

The respect and importance tied to specific occupations or associations

240
Q

Power

A

The capacity to influence people through real or perceived rewards and punishments; often depends on unequal distribution of valued resources

241
Q

Anomie

A

A state of normlessness; anomic conditions erode social solidarity by means of excessive individualism, social inequality, and isolation

242
Q

Social capital

A

The investment people make in their society in return for economic or collective rewards; social networks are one of the most powerful forms

243
Q

Meritocracy

A

A society in which advancement up the social ladder is based on intellectual talent and achievement

244
Q

Social mobility

A

allows one to acquire higher-level employment opportunities by achieving required credentials and experience; positive upward or negative downward trend

245
Q

Social reproduction

A

The passing on of social inequality, especially poverty, from one generation to the next

246
Q

Absolute v. relative poverty

A

Absolute: when people do not have enough resources to acquire basic life necessities such as shelter, food, water, clothing

Relative: when one is poor in comparison to a larger population

247
Q

Social exclusion

A

A sense of powerlessness when individuals feel alienated from society

248
Q

Spatial inequality

A

A form of social stratification across territories and their populations; can occur along residential, environmental, and global lines

249
Q

Incidence

A

Number of new cases of a disease per population at risk in a given period of time

250
Q

Prevalence

A

Calculated as the number of cases of a disease per population in a given period of time

251
Q

Mobidity

A

The burden or degree of illness associated with a given disease

252
Q

Second sickness

A

Exacerbation of health outcomes caused by social injustice

MCAT (7 decks)

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