Biology Flashcards by Laura Lopez

Mikros and Skopeo (Latin)

“to looks at”

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discovered that compound lenses can magnify objects greatly

Zacharias and Hans Jensen (1590)

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made many biological discoveries using his microscope

first to see yeast cells and microorganisms in a drop of water

Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1700’s

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coined the term cells after observing a thin slice of cork under his microscop

Robert Hooke 1665

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Provides support and carries the weight of the microscope

Base

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Connects the body tube to the base of the microscope

Arm

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connects the eyepiece to the objective lenses

Body Tube

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Brings the specimen into general focus

coarse adjustment knob

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fine tunes the focus and increases details of speciman

fine adjustment knob

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flat platform where the specimen is placed

stage

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metal clips that hold the slide in place

stage clips

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holds the different objective lenses

revolving eyepiece

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source of illumination

lamp

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adjusts the amount of light that passes through the specimen

Diaphragm

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Reflect and refract light magnify the specimen

Objective Lens

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Fathers and focuses light from the light to the specimen

condenser

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the lens where in the viewer looks through to see the speciment

Eyepiece or ocular

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observed in dicots, has one prominent primary root

taproot system

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observed in monocots, numerous roots of the same size

Fibrous Root System

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moves water and dissolved minerals from roots to leaves

xylem

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moves food and nutrients from leavers to roots

phloem

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stems growing above the ground

epiterranean

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stems growing below the group

subterranean

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stems growing horizontally

runners or stolons

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located below the upper epidermis

palisade mesophyll (monocots)

located above the lower epidermis

spongy mesophyll (dicots)

normally abundant in the lower epidermis | where gas exchange happens

stomata

ripened ovaries

fruit

part of the fruit that encloses the seed

Pericarp

three layers of pericarp

Exocarp Mesocarp Endocarp

two endosperm

dicotyledon

one endosperm

monocotyledon

stalk that supports a single flower

pedicel

tip of the pedicle bearing the reproductive structure

receptacle

outermost part of the flower, usually green and not directly involve in the reproductive processes

sepal

collective sepals

Calyx

colored parts of the flower

petals

collectivel petals

corolla

male reproductive part of the flower bearing an anther at its tip

stamen

part of the stamen that bears pollen grains

Anther

Female reproductive part of the flower bearing ovary at its base

Pistil

stalk of stamen bearing an anther at its tip

filament

stalk of the pistil

Style

basal part of the pistil containing the ovules

ovary

stucture in the ovary of a flower that when the egg is fertilized can become a seed

ovule

largest part of the brain, interprets and recalls information

cerebrum

lies below the cerebrum, coordinates movement

cerebellum

control center for breathing, blood pressure, and heart beat and other involuntary body function, AKA brainstem

medulla oblongata

regulates ovaries and testes, stimulates growth, "master gland"

Pituitary

affects activities of the ovaries, secretes melatonin

Pineal

regulates body metabolism

Thyroid

balances calcium in the blood

Paraythroid

produces antibodies

Thymus

regulates blood sugar level (insulin and glucagon)

Pancreas

regulates blood pressure, salt and water balance in the body, prepares body in action in times of emergency

Adrenal

Influences female traits

Ovaries

Influences male traita

Testes

maintains the body's homeostasis

hypothalamus

cells involved in sexual production

Gametes

female gamete

oocyte

male gamete

spermatocyte

alike gametes

Isogametes

fusion of gametes, AKA fertilization

syngamy

sex organs

gonads

produces egg; female gonad

Ovary

produces sperm; male gonad

Testis

transports nutrients and oxygen to body cells and carries wastes away from body cells

Blood

blood is made up of

RBC, WBC, plasma, platelets

carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart except pulmonary artery which carries oxygen-poor blood

Arteries

Carry oxygen-poor blood towards the heart except pulmonary vein which carries oxygen-rich blood

Veins

usually a part of microcirculation; organ level blood vessel/organ level circulation

capillaries

receives blood for the heart

atrium

pumps blood away from the heart

ventricle

largest artery

Aorta

largest vein

Vena Cava

process by which cells use oxygen to release energy stored in food

Respiration

waste products of respiration

carbon dioxide, water, ammonia

warming of air, trapping of dirt for respiration

Nasal cavity

AKA throat, connected to the oral cavity

Pharynx

AKA windpipe; connect larynx to bronchi

Trachea

prevents food from going to the lungs

epiglottis

AKA voice box; contains vocal cords

Larynx

mastication

chewing

deglutition

swallowing

esophagus

peristalsis

saliva

amylase

absorbs nutrients

small intestines

reabsorption of water

large intestines

emulsify/digest fats

bile - liver

filters blood and forms urine and consists of functional units called nephrons

Kidney

tube leading from a kidney to the bladder

Ureter

Tube leading from the urinary bladder to the urethral orifice

Urethra

sac at the base of the ureters that stores urine

Urinary Bladder

bones produce blood cells called

hematopoiesis

there are ___ bones in a human adult

206

cranium, vertebral column, sternum, ribcage

axial

pectoral, pelvic

Girdle

limbs

Appendicular