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biology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is biomass?

A

Biomass is the living material in plants and animals.

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2
Q

What is dry mass? What are the advantages and disadvantages?

A

Method of measuring dry biological material

  • Must kill the animal
  • Measured in grams
  • More accurate results than wet mass as it is more precise
  • Can be problematic for certain animals (dogs and cats…etc)
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3
Q

What is wet mass? What are the advantages and disadvantages?

A

Method of measuring wet biological material

  • Do not kill the animal
  • Measured in grams
  • Less accurate as the amount of liquid varies in animals throughout the day
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4
Q

Give two differences in structure between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.

A

Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells which are complex and include all animal and plant cells, whereas prokaryotic cells include bacteria.

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5
Q

Name the features that plant cells have that animal cells do not have.

A
  • Ridgid cell wall
  • permanent vacuole
  • chloroplast
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6
Q

What is the nucleus of a cell?

A

It controls all the activity that goes on in a cell and contains the genetic material.

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7
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

It is a gel-like substance that fills the cell and is where all reactions take place.

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8
Q

What is the cell membrane?

A

Controls what goes in and out of the cell

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9
Q

What are the mitochondria?

A

Where most reactions to aerobic respiration take place.

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10
Q

What are the ribosomes?

A

It is where proteins are made in the cell.

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11
Q

What is a rigid cell wall?

A

Made out of cellulose, it supports and protects the cell

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12
Q

What is the permanent vacuole?

A

It contains cell sap

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13
Q

What is the chloroplast?

A

Where photosynthesis occurs. It contains a green substance called chlorophyll which absorbs the light needed for photosynthesis.

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14
Q

What type of organisms are bacteria?

A

Prokaryotes

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15
Q

Which microscope gives a higher solution and why? A light microscope or an electron microscope?

A

An electron microscope because they use electrons.

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16
Q

What is cell differentiation?

A

Differentiation is a process in which a cell changes in order to become specialized for its job.

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17
Q

Give three ways in which a sperm cell is adapted for swimming to an egg cell.

A
  • Long tail and streamline head to help with swimming
  • Lots of mitochondria for energy
  • Carries enzymes to digest through an egg cell
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18
Q

How is a nerve cell specialized in order to send rapid signals?

A
  • nerve cells to carry electrical signals
  • the cells are long to cover distances
  • branched out connections to connect to other nerve cells
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19
Q

How is a root hair cell specialized in order to absorb water and minerals?

A

-Big surface area for absorbing water and mineral ions

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20
Q

How are phloem and xylem cells specialized in order to transport substances?

A
  • They form tubes which transport things such as food and water around plants
  • to form them they are joined from end to end
  • hollow so things can flow through them
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21
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

They are coiled up lengths of DNA molecules.

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22
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

The cell cycle is a cycle that makes new cells for growth, management, and repair.

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23
Q

What are the main 2 stages in the cell cycle and explain what happens?

A

Growth and DNA repair:

  • A cell that’s not dividing- DNA spreads out into long strings
  • Before it divides- cell grows and increases the number of subcellular structures, like mitochondria
  • then duplicates its DNA- this forms x-shaped chromosomes

Mitosis:
-Chromosomes line up at the center of the cell and cell fibers pull them apart. Two arms go onto opposite ends
-Membranes form around each set. These become the nuclei of the two new cells-nucleus divided
-cytoplasm and cell membrane divide
2 NEW DAUGHTER CELLS- IDENTICAL TO PARENTS

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24
Q

Give two ways that embryonic stem cells could be used to cure diseases.

A
  • stem cells transferred from the bone marrow of a healthy person can replace faulty blood cells
  • embryonic stem cells can replace faulty cells in sick people- such as insulin-producing cells to someone with diabetes
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25
Q

Why might some people be against using human embryos in stem cell research?

A
  • kills potential human life

- should develop other sources than embryos

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26
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration.

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27
Q

What are some substances that can diffuse through cell membranes?

A
  • glucose
  • amino acids
  • water
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28
Q

What are some substances that can’t diffuse through cell membranes?

A
  • starch

- protein

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29
Q

What types of molecules move through osmosis?

A

water molecules

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30
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of water molecules across a particularly permeable membrane from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration.

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31
Q

What are the 2 main differences between active transport and diffusion?

A
  • Diffusion’s molecules move from a high concentration to a lower concentration, however, for active transport, it is the opposite
  • Diffusion does not require energy, however, active transport does
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32
Q

What are some similarities between active transport and diffusion?

A
  • they are both about the movement of ions

- both travel across the cell membrane

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33
Q

Give 2 ways in which the villi in the small intestine are adapted for absorbing digested food.

A
  • they have a single layer of surface cells

- good blood supply to assist easy absorption

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34
Q

Give 2 ways in which the alveoli are adapted in order to maximize diffusion.

A
  • enormous surface area
  • moist lining for dissolving gasses
  • thin walls
  • good blood supply
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35
Q

Give 2 adaptations of exchange surfaces that increase the efficiency of diffusion.

A
  • having a large surface area for greater exchange – achieved by having a folded surface
  • having a thin exchange surface for a short diffusion distance
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36
Q

Explain how leaves are adapted in order to maximize the amount of carbon dioxide that goes into their cells.

A

-Large surface area To absorb more light
Thin Short distance - for carbon dioxide to diffuse into leaf cells
Chlorophyll - Absorbs sunlight to transfer energy into chemicals
Network of veins - To support the leaf and transport water and carbohydrates
Stomata - Allow carbon dioxide to diffuse into the leaf

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37
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A tissue is a group of similar cells that work together to carry out a particular function.

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38
Q

Explain what is meant by the term ‘organ system’

A

An organ system is a group of organs that work together in order to perform a particular function

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39
Q

Why can enzymes be described as biological catalysts?

A

They can be described as this because enzymes reduce the need for high temperatures and we only have enzymes to speed up the useful chemical reactions.

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40
Q

Why do enzymes only catalyze in one reaction?

A

This is because enzymes only have one active site, which is only complementary to one specific substrate.

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41
Q

What does it mean when an enzyme has been denatured?

A

This means that the shape of the enzymes active site has changed and so the substrate won’t fit anymore.

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42
Q

Describe how you could investigate the effect of a pH on the rate of amylase activity.

A

I could do this by:

  • Dropping iodine solution into every well of a spotting tile
  • put a beaker of water on a tripod and heat the water to 35*
  • Keep water temp constant
  • Add different amounts of water to the starch solution
  • mix the components and start a timer
  • see how long it takes for the amylase solution to break down all the starch solution
  • repeat with different pH solutions
  • control variables for a fair test
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43
Q

List 3 places where amylase is made in the human body.

A
  • the salivary glands
  • the pancreas
  • the small intestine
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44
Q

What is the role of lipases?

A

Lipases convert lipids into glycerol and fatty acids

45
Q

Where is bile produced, stored, and released?

A

Bile is released in the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and released into the small intestines.

46
Q

Name the solution that you would use to test for the presence of liquids in a food sample.

A

Tyndall Beam Effect (shine a light on the food)

47
Q

Name the tubes that split off the trachea

A

Bronchiole

48
Q

Explain the role that alveoli play in gas exchange.

A

The alveoli carry out gas exchange.Oxygen diffuses from the air in the alveoli into the blood.

Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the air in the alveoli.

49
Q

Explain why the circulatory system in humans is often referred to as ‘the double circulatory system’.

A

This is because humans have two circuits joined together- the right ventricle and the left ventricle.

50
Q

What kind of blood does the left ventricle pump?

A

oxygenated blood

51
Q

What kind of blood does the right ventricle pump?

A

deoxygenated blood

52
Q

Why does the heart have valves?

A

In order to make sure blood flows in the right direction- prevent it from flowing backwards.

53
Q

Name the 4 chambers of the heart.

A

The right atrium, right ventricle, left artium, and the left ventricle.

54
Q

How is the resting heart rate controlled in a healthy heart?

A

It is controlled by a group of cells in the right atrium that act as a pacemaker.

55
Q

How are arteries adapted to carry blood away from the heart?

A

The heart pumps blood out at a high pressure so:

  • the artery walls are strong and elastic
  • thick lumen
  • layers of muscles to make them strong
  • elastic fibers allow them to spring back
56
Q

Why do red blood cells not have a nucleus?

A

They don’t have a nucleus so that they can have more space to store more oxygen

57
Q

Give 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of statins.

A

ADV:

  • reduces the amount of ‘bad’ cholesterol so they reduce the risk of heart attacks
  • Increase beneficial cholesterol (HDL cholesterol)

DIS:

  • A long-term drug that must be taken regularly, a risk of someone forgetting to take them
  • negative side effects such as kidney failure, liver damage, and memory loss
58
Q

What is meant by non-communicable disease?

A

Cannot spread between people or animals. They generally last for a long time and get worse as time goes by. Asthma, coronary heart disease, and cancer are examples.

59
Q

What is the difference between biological and mechanical replacement heart valves?

A

Biological valves are from humans or other mammals. Mechanical valves are man-made.

60
Q

Give an example of where different types of a disease might interact in the body.

A
  • Some types of cancers: can be triggered by an infection by certain viruses.
  • Mental health: depression can be caused by someone with physical health problems
61
Q

What is meant by risk factor of a disease?

A

Risk factors are things that are likely linked to increase in the likelihood that person will get a disease.

62
Q

What type of tumor is cancerous?

A

Malignant because they invade healthy tissues and spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream.

63
Q

List the tissues that make up a leaf.

A

Epidermal
Mesophyll
Xylem
Pholem

64
Q

Explain how the structure of the upper epidermal tissue in a leaf is related to its function.

A

It’s transparent so that light can pass through to the palisade layer.

65
Q

What is the function of phloem?

A

Delivers water and other nutrients to the entire leaf and takes away the glucose produced by photosynthesis.

66
Q

What is transpiration?

A

It is the loss of water from a plant.

67
Q

List the 4 main things that affect transpiration.

A
  • Light intensity: brighter, greater transpiration
  • Temp: warmer, faster transpiration
  • Air flow: better air flow, greater transpiration
  • Humidity: drier, faster transpiration
68
Q

Name the type of cell that helps open and close the stomata.

A

Guard cells

69
Q

What type of tumor is not cancerous?

A

Benign: stays in one place and grows until no room

70
Q

How can bacteria make us feel ill?

A

Bacteria can make you feel ill by producing toxins that damage your cells and tissues

71
Q

How does tobacco mosaic virus affect a plant’s growth?

A

It causes a mosaic pattern which then colors the leaves so that they can not carry out photosynthesis and it effects the growth.

72
Q

What are the symptoms of gonorrhea (which is a sexually transmitted disease)?

A
  • Pain when urinating

- Yellow or green discharge from the vagina or penis

73
Q

What are pathogens?

A

They are microorganisms that enter the body and cause diseases.

74
Q

In what ways are pathogens spread?

A
  • Water: by drinking dirty water eg.cholera
  • Air: can be carried in air droplets produced when you cough or sneeze eg.influenza
  • Direct contact: touching skin eg. athletes foot by using the same towels
75
Q

What are the 3 viral diseases?

A
  • HIV: spread by sexual contact
  • Tobacco mosaic virus: effects plants
  • Measles: spread by droplets
76
Q

How are mosquitos involved in spreading malaria?

A

They pick up the infection from other people and when they bite others the disease is then transmeted

77
Q

How can destroying vectors help to prevent the spread of disease?

A

It gets rid of what spreads the disease and therefore the disease then stops spreading.

78
Q

What does the stomach produce that can kill pathogens?

A

hydrochloric acid

79
Q

Give 3 ways that the white blood cells can defend against pathogens.

A
  • ingest pathogens and destroy them
  • produce antibodies to destroy particular pathogens
  • produce antitoxins that counteract the toxins released by pathogens.
80
Q

Give 1 pro and 1 con of vaccination.

A

PRO
-help control lots of communicable diseases that were once common such as, polio
CON
-don’t always work

81
Q

Which plant does the painkiller aspirin originate from?

A

willow

82
Q

What type of pathogen can antibiotics be used to kill?

A

Bacteria

83
Q

What two things are drug tested on in preclinical testing?

A
  • animals

- human volunteers

84
Q

What is a placebo?

A

A substance that does not do anything but people do not know that.

85
Q

Where in a plant does photosynthesis take place?

A

Takes place in chloroplasts in green plant cells

86
Q

What is an endothermic reaction?

A

energy is transferred from the environment

87
Q

Why do plants store glucose as starch?

A

stores it like this so that it can be used when photosynthesis is not happening and is stored as starch because it is insoluble

88
Q

What is meant by a ‘limiting factor’ of photosynthesis?

A

what limits the amount of photosynthesis that can take place these can be:

  • light
  • CO2 concentration
  • temperature
89
Q

What effect would a low carbon dioxide concentration have on the rate of photosynthesis?

A

Photosynthesis would go slower.

90
Q

What is respiration?

A

the process of transferring energy from the breakdown in glucose-goes on in every single cell continuously.

91
Q

What is an exothermic reaction?

A

An exothermic reaction is a chemical reaction that releases energy by light or heat

92
Q

Name the products of aerobic respiration.

A

carbon dioxide and water

93
Q

Name 2 products in the food and drink industry that fermentation is needed for.

A

bread

alcoholic drinks

94
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast cells?

A

glucose——ethonal+carbon dioxide

95
Q

In what organ is lactic acid converted back into glucose?

A

Liver (check w teacher)

96
Q

Give 3 things that increase to supply the muscles with more oxygenated blood during exercise.

A

-respiration
-breathing volume
-breathing rate
?????????????

97
Q

Explain how negative feedback helps to maintain a stable internal environment

A

When the level of something is too high or low your body uses negative feedback in order to bring it back to back to normal

98
Q

What makes up the central nervous system and what does it do?

A

Central nervous system: brain and spinal cords
Sensory neutrons: carry receptors
Motor neutrons: carry electrical receptors from the CNS to effectors
Effectors: muscular and glands which responds to nervous impulses

99
Q

What is a synapse?

A

The connection between 2 neurons is called a synapse.

100
Q

Explain how negative feedback helps to maintain a stable internal environment

A

When the level of something is too high or low your body uses negative feedback in order to bring it back to back to normal

101
Q

What makes up the central nervous system and what does it do?

A

Central nervous system: brain and spinal cords
Sensory neutrons: carry receptors
Motor neutrons: carry electrical receptors from the CNS to effectors
Effectors: muscular and glands which responds to nervous impulses

102
Q

What is a synapse?

A

The connection between 2 neurons is called a synapse.

103
Q

What is the purpose of a reflex action?

A

Help prevent injury.

104
Q

Give 2 differences between a nervous and hormonal response.

A

Hormonal: act in a more general way
act for a longer time
Nervous: Act for a very short time
act for a very precise area

105
Q

Describe the action of the fuse in a circuit.

A
  • stops the flow of electrons if the current of it goes over 5A
  • Does this by melting and breaking the current
106
Q

What is heterozygous

A

One dominant and one recessive

107
Q

What is homozygous

A

Two recessive or two dominant

108
Q

What is asexual reproduction

A

one parent
No fusion of gametes
No mixing of chromosomes
Offspring are clones

Science combined (5 decks)

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