Biology Flashcards
Define- organelle
small part of a cell with a particular job to do e.g nucleus
Define- cell
smallest part of a living organism e.g nerve cell, muscle cell
Define- tissue
a group of specialised cells that carry out a particular job
Define- organ
a group of different tissues that work together to carry out a job in a system e.g brain, heart, skin
Define- organ system
a group of different organs which work together to carry out a specific life process in an organism e.g respiratory
Define- antagonistic muscles
muscles that work in pairs to control the movement of joints
Define- joints
where bones come together and they allow for controlled movement
Define- cartilage
flexible tissue that covers the end of the bone at a joint and connects bone together
Define- ligament
fibres that hold bone to bone to a joint. It prevents movement that may damage a joint.
Define- tendon
fibres that attach muscle to bone
Define- breathing
the process of taking air in (inhalation) and out of the lungs (exhalation)
Define- cellular respiration
process in a cell that converts glucose and oxygen to create energy (cO2 is also given off)
Define- trachea
the ribbed tube that carries air from the throat to the lungs
Define- bronchiole
the small airways that air passes through to the small alveoli
Define- alveoli
the small air sacs where gas exchange occurs in the lungs
Define- artery
a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart
Define- vein
a blood vessel that carries blood towards the lungs
Define- capillary
very thin blood vessel that allows for passage of water, oxygen, nutrients and waste products
Define- red blood cell
a cell in the blood that carries oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body
Define- white blood cell
cells found in blood that help defend it from infection such as bacteria and viruses
Define- ventricle
the lower chambers of the heart that pump blood, the left to the body and the right to the lungs
Define- atrium
the upper chambers of the heart that receive blood, the left from the lungs and the right from the body
Define- aorta
the largest artery in the body that leaves the left ventricle and takes oxygenated blood to the body
Define- vena cava
two large blood vessels that return deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart
Define- pulmonary
relating to the lungs e.g pulmonary artery carries blood to the lungs
Put organ systems, cells, organs, tissue and organelles in order from SMALLEST to LARGEST
organelles, cells, tissue, organs, organ system
What is the main function of the skeletal system?
The main function of the skeletal system is to support and protect your body while also allowing our body to move. The skeletal system keeps our body in a upright/supported position
Why are cells specialised?
In our body there are different organ systems which have specialised roles (egg muscular systems, circulatory systems etc.) These systems contain organs (e.g kidneys) which each have particular functions. For the organs to have different functions, the tissues inside (e.g kidney tissue) must be adapted to carry out particular roles. Therefore the cells that make up the tissues must be specialised to carry out these unique roles (e.g kidney tissue).
What is the main function of the skeletal system?
The main function of the skeletal system is to support and protect your body while also allowing our body to move. The skeletal system keeps our body upright/supported using the vertebrae, and the ribcage keeps our heart protected. The radius and ulna are involved in the movement of the arm.
What is the main function of the muscular system?
The main function of the muscular system is to help our body move. An example of muscles helming our body move is the rib- moving the leg. Muscles also internally keep our body moving- the heart etc.
What is a synovial joint?
A synovial joint is a joint which contains a sac of fluid that lubricates the joint e.g knee joint, shoulder joint
What do ligaments look like visually?
Very long and stretched
Define- meniscus
The meniscus transfers the load from the upper leg to the lower leg and stabilises the knee.
Define- synovial fluid
The synovial fluid is made by the synovial membrane ad has a lubricating function.
What does a white blood cell look like?
Round and is involved in the immunity system
What does a red blood cell look like?
A bowl/doughnut shape and carries oxygen
What does a platelet blood cell look like?
Smaller than white and red blood cells and are involved in blood clotting
What does a plasma blood cell look like?
A light yellow liquid. A dilute solution of salts, glucose, amino acids, vitamins, urea, protein and fat.
What do blood vessels do?
Blood vessels carry around blood which contains nutrients/oxygen waste products
Where is deoxygenated and oxygenated blood?
The deoxygenated blood is on the left side of the body (looking at the page) and the oxygenated blood is on the right side of the body
What is the order of blood vessels from deoxygenated to oxygenated blood?
Aorta, arteries, capillaries, veins, vena cava
What are the three main components of the circulatory system?
Blood, blood vessels, heart.
What do valves do?
Valves act as one-way doors- they open to let blood exit or enter a chamber, then closing to keep blood from flowing backward.
Describe the journey of a red blood cell from the vena cava, around the circulatory system and back to the vena cava.
Carrying the oxygen, the red blood cells move from the vena cava to the right atrium and then pass through the right ventricle. The blood is then pumped through the pulmonary artery to the lungs to get oxygenated. The blood moves through the pulmonary vein to the left atrium and left ventricle and then through the aorta. Th red blood cell flows through the arteries, and then to the capillaries until it reaches the muscle organs and the oxygen is delivered. The red blood cells then move back through the capillaries.
Explains the effects of exercise on the heart rate
When we exercise our muscles work harder so they require more oxygen. This means the blood needs to move faster around the body which causes our heart to pump faster and therefore our heart rate increases.
Describe how the gas exchange in the alveoli works
Co2 goes out and O2 (oxygen) goes in. Gases pass the membrane between the alveoli and capillaries. In the capillary the deoxygenated gas turns into oxygenated gas.
Look at the arm
!!!
Look at the knee
!!!
Look at the skeleton
!!!
Look at the leg
!!!
Compare and contrast the flexion of the knee and elbow joint
The elbow and knee joint are both synovial joints. Synovial joints are joints which contains a sac of fluid that lubricate the joint. The elbow and knee joint are also both antagonistic muscles. When the elbow flexes the triceps extends and the bicep contract sand when the knee flexes, the hamstring extends and quadriceps contract (and vice versa).
Define- respiration
A chemical reaction to get energy to carry out MRS C GREN
What is the respiration word equation?
glucose + oxygen= water + carbon dioxide + energy
Define- breathing
A physical process of inhaling oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide
Discuss the effects of exercise on the circulatory and respiratory system
When we exercise we move (MRS C GREN) which means we require more energy. To obtain more energy we need our cells to undergo respiration. For more respiration we need more oxygen and glucose which we get by breathing. The oxygen is absorbed into the red blood cells in the blood from the alveoli by the process of breathing. Oxygen molecules are inhaled via the mouth, nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchiole and alveoli. After being absorbed into the blood, the oxygenated blood then travels to the heart before being pumped around the body via arteries to the muscles and organ cells.
Where does breathing happen?
In the lungs
Where does respiration happen?
In the mitochondria of cells
