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Biology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the cell theory?

A

All living organisms are made of one or more cells. Basic organizational unit of life. All cells come from pre-existing cells.

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2
Q

What is the cell membrane?

A

Separates the inside of the cell from the external environment; controls flow of materials into and out of the cell

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3
Q

What is prophase?

A

is the stage during which the sister chromatids condense and the chromosomes become visable.

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4
Q

What is mitosis?

A

The process of cell division during which the duplicated contents of the cell’s nucleus divide into two equal parts

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5
Q

How many stages of mitosis are there and what are they?

A

There are four: Prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase

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6
Q

What states that all living organisms are made up of one or more cells?

A

Cell theory

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7
Q

What is an unspecialized cell that gives rise to specific specilaized cells in plants?

A

Meristematic cell

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8
Q

What is cytokinesis

A

Following mitosis, cytokinesis must occur: this is the seperation of the two nuclei and cell contents into two daughter cells. In plant cells, a cell plate forms during cytokinesis that helps form the cell wall. Not a stage of mitosis but is a significant event that signifies the end of mitosis and the start of a new cell cycle.

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9
Q

The body system that is responsible for removing liquid waste from the body

A

Excretory system

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10
Q

It is shelf-like; supports the nasal cavity and allows air to be warmed and moistened

A

Turbinate bones

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11
Q

The event that marks the end or mitosis, but is not a stage of mitosis,

A

Cytokinesis

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12
Q

A segment of DNA that controls protein production and traits

A

Gene

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13
Q

High blood pressure

A

Hypertension

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14
Q

The process through which plants produce their own food

A

photosynthesis

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15
Q

The process used by all living things to provide energy from the breakdown of sugar

A

Cellular respiration

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16
Q

Healthy Cells

A

usually don’t reproduce when isolated from their other tissue cells. This is because they communicate cell to cell. They adhere to each other well and communicate to work together. They keep and balance between cell destruction and cell growth

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17
Q

what is metaphase?

A

is the stage of mitosis in which chromosomes are aligned across the center of the cell

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18
Q

What is Anaphase?

A

is the stage of mitosis in which the centromere splits apart and the chromatids are pulled to opposite sides of the cell by spindle fibres

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19
Q

What is telophase?

A

is the stage of mitosis during which two daughter nuclei are formed

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20
Q

What are the four reasons cells undergo mitosis?

A

growth
repair
replacement
reproduction

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21
Q

What is cytokinesis

A

Following mitosis, cytokinesis must occur: this is the seperation of the two nuclei and cell contents into two daughter cells. In plant cells, a cell plate forms during cytokinesis that helps form the cell wall.

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22
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

In osmosis, solute particles in areas of higher concentration move to where solute particles are in lower concentration

A

false

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23
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

The centre of a chromosome holding the two chromatids together is called the centriole

A

false

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24
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Interphase is the stage of the cell cycle that takes the most time

A

True

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25
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Cancer cells divide more frequently than normal cells.

A

True

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26
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Xylem is living tissue that transports water and minerals

A

False

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27
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

The palisade layer of the leaf is more active in photosynthesis

A

True

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28
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Both the frog and the human have two atria in their hearts.

A

True

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29
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

The systematic circuit pumps blood to the lungs while the pulmonary circuit pumps blood to the rest of the body

A

False

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30
Q

What is the chloroplasts?

A

Traps energy from the sun to make glucose(Plant only)

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31
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The maintenance of a balanced state of constant conditions within a cell

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32
Q

What is equilibrium?

A

Based on the constant movement of all particles to establish a uniform concentration throughout.

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33
Q

What is isotonic?

A

Equal movement in and out of the cell (homeostasis)

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34
Q

What is hypotonic?

A

If the extra cellular fluid (ECF) has a lower concentration of solutes than the cytoplasm the cell will move water molecules into the cell (causing it to expand)

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35
Q

What is hypertonic?

A

If the extra cellular fluid (ECF) has a higher concentration of solutes than the cytoplasm the cell will move water out of the cell (causing it to shrink)

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36
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of water from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

37
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

The medulla oblongata controls the rate and depth of breathing

38
Q

A large vein that carries oxygen-poor blood to the right atrium from the upper parts of the body

A

Superior Vena Cava

39
Q

The left lower chamber of the heart; it pumps the blood through the aortic valve into the aorta

A

Left ventricle

40
Q

The muscular wall that separates the left and right sides of the heart

41
Q

The blood vessel that carries oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs

A

pulmonary artery

42
Q

The valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle

A

bicuspid valve

43
Q

The valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle

A

tricuspid valve

44
Q

Branching nerve fibers running from the apex upwards along the ventricle of the heart

A

purkinge fibers

45
Q

the blood vessel that carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart

A

pulmonary vein

46
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

It is the continuous sequence of cell growth and division including the stages of interphase, mitosis and cytokinesis.

47
Q

How long does a full cell cycle to complete in most cells?

A

800 minutes.

48
Q

What is interphase?

A

it includes the periods of cell growth (G1 andG2) and the stage of DNA replication (S stage).

49
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

When cells leave the cell cycle to die because they are damaged beyond repair or they are simply not needed

50
Q

How does cancer develops?

A

Cancer occurs when the cell cycle fails (ignores the checkpoints) and abnormal cell division begins (this is caused by mutations). These cells then multiply rapidly and form a tumor.

51
Q

Why do cell mutations occur?

A

They can occur due to chance or carcinogens

52
Q

What are carcinogens

A

they include toxic chemicals radiation and viral infections

53
Q

Healthy Cells

A

usually don’t reproduce when isolated from their

54
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

DNA replicates during the G1 phase of the cell cycle

55
Q

Function of the circulatory system?

A

transport nutrients, gases and waste

56
Q

Function of the digestive system?

A

take in food, break it down, absorb nutrients and removes solid waste from the body

57
Q

Function of the endocrine system?

A

make hormones that act as chemical messengers in the body

58
Q

Function of the excretory system?

A

removes liquid waste from the body

59
Q

Function of the immune system?

A

defends body against infections

60
Q

Function of the integumentary system?

A

waterproof coating around the body

61
Q

Function of the muscular system?

A

works with the bones to move and support parts of the body

62
Q

Function of the nervous system?

A

detects change in environment and signals body so it can move

63
Q

Function of the respiratory system?

A

gas exchange

64
Q

Function of the reproductive system?

A

producing offspring ;)

65
Q

Function of the skeletal system?

A

supports body ,protects organs, and works with muscles so we can move

66
Q

Organs included in the circulatory system?

A

heart, veins, arteries, capillaries, blood

67
Q

Organs included in the digestive system?

A

mouth, tongue, teeth, esophagus

68
Q

Organs included in the endocrine system?

A

brain, pituitary, thyroid

69
Q

Organs included in the excretory system?

A

kidneys,bladder, ureters, urethra

70
Q

Organs included in the immune system?

A

white blood cells, lymph glands, spleen

71
Q

Organs included in the integumentary system?

A

hair, skin,nails

72
Q

Organs included in the nervous system?

A

brain and nerves

73
Q

Organs included in the respiratory system?

A

lungs, diaphragm, trachea, nose

74
Q

Organs included in the reproductive system?

A

Deez Nuts, ovaries, uterus

75
Q

Organs included in the skeletal system?

76
Q

Function of the stem

A

Responsible for physical support and transportation of water nutrients and sugars

77
Q

Function of the leaves

A

responsible for photosynthesis

78
Q

Function of the roots

A

responsible for anchoring the plant in the soil and the uptake of water and minerals from the soil.
Some roots also act as a storage region for the plant

79
Q

What is dermal tissue

A

outermost covering of the plant’s organs that forms a barrier between the the plant and its external environment. Protects the delicate internal tissues of the plant and controls the exchange of water and gases between the plant and the external environment

80
Q

Function of ground tissue

A

responsible for many functions including photosynthesis and support

81
Q

Function of vascular tissue

A

Transports water, nutrients and sugars throughout the plant as well as providing support

82
Q

Meristems

A

unlike most animals plants are able to continue growing throughout their entire lifespan.
This is because the meristem is always active, causing the plant to grow upwards and downwards

83
Q

Types of roots

A

Tap roots and fibrous roots

84
Q

Xylem cells

A

Dead
Transport water from the roots to other parts of the plan against the force of gravity
Found in the vascular bundle

85
Q

Pholem

A

Living
Transports sugar from the leaves to other parts of the plant with the force of gravity
found in the vascular bundle

86
Q

Tap roots

A

One main root that grows larger and thicker than the rest so the plant can get water from deep in the ground
Also firmly anchors the plant

87
Q

Fibrous roots

A

Shallow branching roots that spread out horizontally near the surface of the soil to provide a large surface area for water absorption
Also stabilize the soil to prevent erosion and landslides

88
Q

What is the stamen made out of

A

Stigma, Style, ovary

89
Q

Human uses of plants

A 
Food
Medicine
Paints
Decoration 
Land Stabilization

SNC 2DI (5 decks)

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