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Biology 3202 > Biology 3202 Chapter 13 test > Flashcards

Biology 3202 Chapter 13 test Flashcards

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1
Q

the union of a sperm cell and an egg cell will result in a

A

zygote

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2
Q

after fertilization, the zygote travels to the to implant itself

A

uterus

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3
Q

during the stage, major organs and systems form in the developing fetus

A

fetal

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4
Q

the stage begins when the blastocyst implants into the uterine wall

A

embryonic stage

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5
Q

the process of delivering a baby through the birth canal is called

A

labor

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6
Q

what is the main function of the placenta during pregnancy?

A

to provide oxygen and nutrients to the developing fetus

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7
Q

what hormone is primarily responsible for maintaining pregnancy

A

progesterone

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8
Q

what term describes the developing human from the ninth week of pregnancy until birth?

A

fetus

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9
Q

how long is the typical gestation period for humans?

A

40 weeks

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10
Q

at which stage does the zygote implant into the uterine wall

A

blastocyst

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11
Q

how long is the menstrual cycle?

A

28 days

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12
Q

what event occurs as the levels of LH peaks in the bloodstream?

A

ovulation

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13
Q

which hormone levels are at their highest in the blood when the uterine lining is the thickest

A

progesterone and estrogen

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14
Q

what is the biology term to describe the period?

A

menstruation

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15
Q

the 3 structures which add secretions to the semen to compose seminal fluid are

A

the prostate, cowpers and seminal vesicle

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15
Q

the testes are located in a pouch called the
. the temperature is lower than the rest of the body. Sperm production is best at a lower temp.

A

scrotum

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16
Q

what structure stores and cools the sperm cells is called the

A

epididymis

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17
Q

the structure which produces the sperm cells is called the

A

seminiferous tubules

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18
Q

where are the seminiferous tubules located?

A

in the testes

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19
Q

the tubes which lead from each testes to the ureter are called the

A

vas deferens

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20
Q

what is the vas deferens function?

A

to transport sperm

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21
Q

a male is first able to produce sperm after going through the stage of

A

puberty

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22
Q

what is semen composed of?

A

sugar (fructose), sperm, alkaline fluids, mucus, lubricant

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23
Q

semen contains the sugar which sperm cells absorb by diffusion for energy

A

fructose

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24
Q

the nucleus of a sperm has a genetic state called
. which means it contains half the number of chromosomes.

A

haploid

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25
Q

the process of spermatogenesis is stimulated by the production of an anterior pituitary hormone called

A

FSH (Follicle-stimulating hormone)

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26
Q

the seminiferous tubules release what hormone which forms a negative feedback loop with the hormone FSH for the production of sperm

A

infibin

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27
Q

what is the male sex hormone

A

testosterone

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28
Q

the anterior hormone stimulates the interstital cells of the seminiferous tubules to produce the male sex hormone.

A

LH (Luteinizing hormone)

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29
Q

the two female gonads are called the

A

ovaries

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30
Q

the fist-sized female organ with thick, muscular walls inside of which embryo of a placental mammal will develop is called the

A

uterus

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31
Q

the egg develops inside of a chamber in the ovary called a

A

follicle

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32
Q

the muscular, narrow end of the uterus separating it from the vagina is called the

A

cervix

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33
Q

the female birth canal and receiving area for sperm is called the . the environment of the vagina is naturally , protecting it from bacteria and other pathogens

A

vagina, acidic

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34
Q

what is the function of the oviduct?

A

transports the egg/zygote towards uterus

35
Q

what is the function of the uterus?

A

holds the developing baby/zygote

36
Q

what is the function of the bladder?

A

container to collect urine

37
Q

what is the function of the cervix?

A

the end/beginning of the uterus - entrance of sperm/ exit of fetus

38
Q

what is the function of the fimbriae?

A

massage ovary + aids movement of the egg into the oviduct

39
Q

what is the function of the ovary?

A

contains follicles which contain eggs. only 1 egg will mature in one follicle per month

40
Q

what is gonorrhea? is it a virus or bacteria? is it curable or treatable?, what are some distinct features/facts

A

it’s a bacteria, curable, and it’s one of the most common sti’s. it can make babies go blind during child birth.

41
Q

what is syphilis? is it a virus or bacteria? is it curable or treatable?, what are some distinct features/facts

A

it’s a bacteria, curable, and it can cause mental illness

42
Q

What is AID/HIV is it a virus or bacteria? is it curable or treatable?, what are some distinct features/facts

A

it’s a virus, treatable, and you don’t die from aids. it weakens your immune system to the point where you die from a common cold, flu etc

43
Q

what is the Endometrium

A

membrane that lines the uterus; provides nutrients to the fetus

44
Q

One cycle takes place in the ovaries and is known as the

A

ovarian cycle

45
Q

The other cycle takes place in the uterus and is known as the

A

uterine cycle

46
Q

what is the morula?

A

(a mass of cells which are exactly the same) results from cleavage.

47
Q

what is the follicular stage?

A

-1st show of blood
days 1-13
-The initial stage of the menstrual cycle.
FSH is rising + a follicle develops and forms an egg
-Egg produces estrogen, as estrogen levels rise, FSH levels fall (1st negative feedback loop
-since FSH is low, that means no other follicle will develop
-estrogen will also feed the endometrium
Estrogen will reach a max, causing a spike in LH- this will cause the follicle to burst

48
Q

what is ovulation?

A

day 14 (midpoint)
-due to the spike in LH, the egg is released from the follicle. The fimbriae then massages the ovary, Leading the egg towards the oviduct

49
Q

what is the luteal phase

A

days (15-24)
- the follicle that remains becomes a corpus luteum
-the corpus luteum produces progesterone, as progesterone levels rise, LH levels fall (2nd negative feedback loop)
-the progesterone and estrogen continue to feed the endometrium to prepare for pregnancy

50
Q

what is the menstrual stage?

A
  • fertilization did not occur!
    -corpus luteum breaks down
    -progesterone and estrogen levels drop
    -FSH + LH levels rise
    -endometrium sheds
51
Q

Embryonic stages of mammals
chorion
amnion
allantios
yolk/yolk sac
placenta
umbilical cord

A

chorion- develops into the placenta
amnion-contains amniotic fluid which cushions the developing embryo
allantios-used to collect waste
yolk/yolk sac- the site of first blood cell formation. in many species it provides a nutrient source for the embryo
Placenta- in most pregnant animals, a blood vessel rich organ that develops inside the uterus to supply food and oxygen to the fetus through an umbilical cord.
Umbilical cord- twisted tube that connects the
abdomen of a fetus to the mother’s placenta in the uterus, and through
which nutrients are derived and wastes are expelled

52
Q

Embryonic stages of birds/reptiles
chorion
amnion
allantios
yolk/yolk sac
placenta
umbilical cord

A

chorion- becomes the shell (protective/air exchange)
amnion- much smaller(maintains temp, is gel like for lubricant/space to move)
allantois- waste remains in shell- storage container
yolk sac-much larger- nutrients need to be in the shell since no more can be added

53
Q

think about the place in which human development occurs. based on the place in which the following animals develop, predict whether they form a placenta and give reason to justify your prediction.
-frog
-turtle
-sea star
-crow

A

All of these animals lay eggs, so there’s no need to develop a placenta. there’s no need for the development of a placenta because there isn’t a need for a connection of the mom and the fetus.

54
Q

identify the extra embryonic membranes from which the placenta forms and explain how their function, modified in humans, relates to their function for chick embryos

A

placenta in humans, chorion layer outer layer chicks (shell)

55
Q

At the end of 3 weeks, the embryo is called a

A

neurula

56
Q

At 8 to 9 weeks, the first bone cells begin to
form. The organism is known as a

A

fetus

57
Q

at 12 weeks all major organs form such as

A

liver, stomach, brain, and heart

58
Q

in the first trimester, the fetus is how many mm long

A

100 mm

59
Q

what weeks are the first trimester

A

1-12

60
Q

in the 2nd trimester, the fetus develops

A

audible heartbeat, most organs at 24 weeks, brain and NS develops further, and skeleton begins to form

61
Q

how big is the fetus in the second trimester

A

300 mm

62
Q

what weeks are the second trimester

A

13-24

63
Q

what increase quickly in the third trimester

A

fetus size

64
Q

what develops in the third tri

A

the brain continues to develop, and the immune system

65
Q

what can a fetus do at the end of the eighth month?

A

open its eyes

66
Q

how big is the fetus in the third trimester

A

525mm long

67
Q

how much does a fetus weigh at the end of the third trimester/ 9 months

A

3.38 kg

68
Q

what weeks does the third trimester occur

A

25-38

69
Q

identical twins

A

form from one
fertilized egg.

the single zygote splits into two halves
during the early stages of its
development.

Since they were both
formed from a single cell, the
offspring are genetically identical.

70
Q

what percent of twins are identical

A

30%

71
Q

fraternal twins

A

Two eggs are released from the ovaries and each egg is fertilized by the sperm

although twins, offspring are genetically different from each other

70% of tins are feternal

72
Q

birth process is triggered by a number of hormones such as

A

Progesterone

Estrogen

Prostaglandins

Oxytocin

73
Q

3 stages of birth

A

1.Dilation stage

2.Expulsion stage

3.Placental stage

74
Q

dilation stage

A

uterine contractions and oxytocin cause the cervix to open up or dilate. The
amnion breaks and the amniotic fluid is released through the vagina

75
Q

Expulsion stage

A

Forceful contractions push the baby through the cervix to the birth canal

As the baby moves through the canal the head rotates, making it easier for
the body to pass through the canal

76
Q

Placental stage

A

Placental stage

about 10-15 minutes after the baby is born, the placenta and umbilical cord
are expelled from the uterus

77
Q

Couples who are unable to have any children are called

A

sterile

78
Q

couples who have fewer children than they want are called

A

infertile

79
Q

A woman may be sterile or
infertile for a number of
reasons including:

A

Blocked oviducts

Failure to ovulate

Endometriosis, a
condition in which the
endometrium grows
outside the uterus.

Damaged eggs

80
Q

what hormone triggers puberty

A

GnRH

81
Q

what organs create negative feedback loops in women

A
82
Q

what is the ovarian cycle?

A

ovaries-fimbraie-oviduct-cilia-uterus

83
Q

what is clevage?

A

it’s when the cells split

84
Q

secretes a milky fluid

A

prostate glad

85
Q

organs that reproduce reproductive cells

A

gonads

Biology 3202 (3 decks)

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