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Biology > Biology 3 - Biological responses (B10-B12) > Flashcards

Biology 3 - Biological responses (B10-B12) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Homeostasis?

A

The regulation of the internal conditions of a cell or organism to maintain optimum conditions for function.

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2
Q

What are some examples of things that homeostasis controls?

A

Body temperature, blood glucose concentration and water levels.

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3
Q

Give four simple stages of nervous system

A

Stimulus - Receptor - Coordinator(CNS) - Effector

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4
Q

How does the nervous system work?

A

Electrical impulses to enable you to react quickly to your surroundings and coordinate your behaviour.

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5
Q

Which cells detect stimuli?

A

Receptors

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6
Q

How do impulses from receptors get to the CNS?

A

They pass along sensory neurons to the brain or spinal cord.

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7
Q

How do the impulses get from the CNS to the effector organs?

A

From the CNS the impulses are sent along motor neurons.

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8
Q

What are the stages of a reflex arc?

A

Stimulus - Receptor - Sensory Neuron - Relay Neuron (CNS) - Motor Neuron - Effector - Response

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9
Q

What do synapses do?

A

Diffuse impulse chemicals between the neurons.

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10
Q

What does the cerebral cortex do?

A

It is concerned with consciousness, intelligence, memory and language.

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11
Q

What does the Cerebellum do?

A

It is concerned mainly with coordinating muscular activity and balance.

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12
Q

What does the medulla do?

A

It is concerned with unconscious activities such as controlling the heartbeat, the movements of the gut, and breathing.

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13
Q

What does the optic nerve do?

A

Carries impulses from the retina to the brain.

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14
Q

What does the muscular iris do?

A

Controls the size of the pupil and the amount of light entering the eye.

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15
Q

What do the ciliary muscles and suspensory ligaments do?

A

Change the shape of the lens to fine focus light on to the retina.

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16
Q

What is accommodation in the eye?

A

The process of changing the shape of the lens to the eye to focus on near or distant objects.

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17
Q

What is Myopia?

A

Short sightedness: You can see close objects in clear focus, but distant objects look blurred.

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18
Q

What is Hyperopia?

A

Long Sightedness: You can see distant objects clearly, but close objects appear blurred.

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19
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

The system that is composed of glands that secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the blood stream.

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20
Q

What is the main gland?

A

Pituitary gland.

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21
Q

What does the Pituitary gland do? 4 things.

A
  • Controls growth in children
  • Stimulates the thyroid gland
  • Stimulates ovaries to produce and release eggs and also makes oestrogen
  • Stimulates testes to make sperm and testosterone.
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22
Q

What does the Thyroid gland do?

A

Produces thyroxin which controls the metabolic rate of the body.

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23
Q

What does the Pancreas do?

A

Controls the levels of glucose in the body

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24
Q

What does the Adrenal gland do?

A

Prepares the body for stressful situations

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25
Q

What do the Ovaries do?

A

Controls the development of the female secondary sexual characteristics and is involved in the menstrual cycle.

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26
Q

What do the testes do?

A

Controls the development of the male secondary sexual characteristics and is involved in the production of sperm.

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27
Q

What organ controls the blood glucose concentration?

A

Pancreas

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28
Q

How does the pancreas move glucose into the blood?

A

Produces insulin.

29
Q

What is the process of glucose absorption?

A

Blood glucose concentration increases so pancreas produces insulin. Insulin allows glucose to enter blood. Soluble glucose converted into insoluble glycogen. Insulin controls the storage of glycogen in your liver and muscles. Stored Glycogen can be converted back into glucose when needed. This is done by the release of glucagon from the liver.

30
Q

Where is glucagon produced?

A

Liver

31
Q

Where is insulin produced?

A

Pancreas.

32
Q

How is type 1 diabetes treated normally?

A

By injecting insulin to replace the hormone that is not made in the body.

33
Q

How is type 2 diabetes often treated?

A

A carbohydrate controlled diet and taking more exercise. If this doesn’t work, drugs may be needed.

34
Q

What is Thyroxine and where is it produced?

A

A hormone released from the thyroid gland that stimulates the basal metabolic rate.

35
Q

What is adrenaline and where is it produced?

A

A hormone produced by the adrenal glands in times of fear and stress. It increases the heart rate and boosts the delivery of oxygen and glucose to the brain and muscles.

36
Q

How many eggs are released from the ovary per 28 days?

A

1

37
Q

What is the process of egg release from the ovaries every 28 days called?

A

Ovulation.

38
Q

What is testosterone and where is it produced?

A

A hormone produced in the testes to stimulate sperm production.

39
Q

What hormones are involved in the menstrual cycle of a woman? Name 4

A
  • Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • Luteinising hormone (LH)
  • Oestrogen
  • Progesterone
40
Q

What does Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) do and where is it from?

A

From the pituitary gland it stimulates eggs to mature in the follicles of the ovary and the ovary to produce oestrogen.

41
Q

What does Oestrogen do and where is it from?

A

From the ovaries it stimulates the growth of the lining of the uterus and the release of LH and inhibits FSH

42
Q

What does luteinising hormone (LH) do?

A

Stimulates ovulation.

43
Q

What does progesterone do and where is it from?

A

From the empty follicle after ovulation it maintains the lining of the uterus for around 10 days and inhibits FSH and LH

44
Q

What two hormones can be used as fertility drugs to stimulate ovulation?

A

FSH and LH

45
Q

What plant hormone responds to light and gravity?

A

Auxin

46
Q

What does auxin do?

A

Stimulates the growth of plants in response

47
Q

What do plants grow towards?

A

Towards light and against the force of gravity.

48
Q

What direction do roots grow ?

A

In the direction of gravity.

49
Q

What are plant hormones used in?

A

Agriculture and Horticulture.

50
Q

What can auxin be used as?

A

Weed killers, rooting powders and in tissue culture.

51
Q

What is ethene used for?

A

To control fruit ripening.

52
Q

What can Gibberellins be used for?

A

To increase fruit size, end seed dormancy and promote flowering in the malting process.

53
Q

What is the body temperature monitored and controlled by?

A

The thermoregulatory centre.

54
Q

What is in the thermoregulatory centre?

A

Receptors sensitive to the temperature of the blood.

55
Q

Where else does the thermoregulatory centre get nerve impulses from?

A

The temperature receptors in the skin.

56
Q

What happens to the blood vessels if the body temperature is too high?

A

They dilate. This is called (vasodilation).

57
Q

What happens to blood vessels if the body temperature is too low?

A

They constrict. This is called (Vasoconstriction)

58
Q

How does sweating cause the body to lower its temperature?

A

It releases energy to the environment from the body.

59
Q

Why do we shiver when the body temperature is too low?

A

Because the skeletal muscles are contracting causing exothermic respiration.

60
Q

What is lost through the skin in sweat?

A

Water, mineral ions and urea.

61
Q

What happens if the body cells lose or gain too much water by osmosis?

A

They do not function efficiently.

62
Q

What does a healthy kidney do in homeostasis?

A

Produces urine by filtering the blood. It then reabsorbs all of the glucose, plus any mineral ions and water needed by your body.

63
Q

What happens to excess mineral ions, water and urea?

A

They’re removed by urine.

64
Q

What does the hormone ADH do?

A

Maintains the water balance of the blood which changes the amount of water reabsorbed by the kidney tubules

65
Q

What is dialysis?

A

When the function of the kidney is carried out artificially.

66
Q

How may people with kidney failure be treated?

A

By regular sessions on a kidney dialysis machine or by having a kidney transplant.

67
Q

How is the rejection of the donor kidney prevented?

A

The tissue types of the donor and the recipient are matched as closely as possible. Immunosuppressant drugs are also used.

68
Q

What happens in a kidney transplant?

A

A healthy kidney from a donor replace the function of the diseases or damages kidney.

Biology (5 decks)

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